Lionel W. Fox - The English Prison and Borstal Systems

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The International Library of Sociology

THE ENGLISH PRISON AND BORSTAL SYSTEMS

---

Founded by KARL MANNHEIM

The International Library of Sociology

THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY

In 15 Volumes

I	Comparative Criminology (Part One)	Mannheim
II	Comparative Criminology (Part Two)	Mannheim
III	Crime: An Analytical Appraisal	Lopez-Rey
IV	The Criminal Area	Morris
V	Criminal Justice and Social Reconstruction	Mannheim
VI	The Education of Borstal Boys	Stratta
VII	The English Prison and Borstal Systems	Fox
VIII	The Explanation of Criminality	Trasler
IX	Group Problems in Crime and Punishment	Mannheim
X	The Institutions of Private Law	Renner
XI	Juvenile Delinquency in an English Middletown	Mannheim
XII	Legal Aid	Egerton
XIII	Pentonville	Morris and Morris
XIV	Social Defence	Ancel
XV	Young Men in Detention Centres	Dunlop and McCabe

First published in 1952

by Routledge

Reprinted 1998, 2001

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Transferred to Digital Printing 2007

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

1952 Lionel W. Fox

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of the works reprinted in The International Library of Sociology. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies we have been unable to trace.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The English Prison and Borstal System

ISBN 0-415-17738-3

The Sociology of Law and Criminology: 15 Volumes

ISBN 0-415-17832-0

The International Library of Sociology: 274 Volumes

ISBN 0-415-17838-X

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent

PREFACE

M Y first aim in preparing this book was to describe and explain our prison and Borstal systems as they face the tasks laid on them by the Criminal Justice Act, 1948. But since the purposes of this Act, and the methods followed to further them, can be understood only against their historical and philosophical background I have ventured to add, as of the book, a brief history of thought and practice in the application of legal punishment and in the development of the idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment.

The systems described are those under the administration of the Prison Commissioners for England and Wales. The systems of Scotland and Northern Ireland have, however, developed along parallel lines under their separate administrations, and making due allowance for differences in scale it may be said that principles and practice are in general similar throughout the United Kingdom.

I am indebted to the Permanent Under Secretary of State for the Home Department for permission to publish this book, but it should be understood that while the facts and figures, so far as they relate to the English systems, are derived almost entirely from published official documents, the responsibility for their accurate presentation and for any inferences drawn from them rests solely with myself.

My grateful thanks are due to the many colleagues and friends who have kindly helped me with correction and advice. The text itself, particularly in Part I, speaks on nearly every page of my debt to many workers and thinkers in this wide field whose valuable publications have enabled me to extend the scope of this book much beyond my own experience. The Bibliographical Notes contain more specific acknowledgments.

May I in conclusion warn readers that while the text represents the situation as it appeared at the beginning of 1951, it is a fluid and developing situation. Information received after the completion of the text to the latest possible date will be included in

L. W. F.

June 1951

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

The following notes refer only to the principal works quoted or used in the text, and are not intended to constitute a bibliography of the subject. Where the name of the author is used alone for short reference in the text, it is shown in brackets at the end of the note.

The State of the Prisons, John Howard, 1777.

An Inquiry whether Crime and Misery are Produced or Prevented by our Present System of Prison Discipline, T. Fowell Buxton, 1818.

The Prison Chaplain, Rev. W. Clay (Macmillan), 1861.

A memoir of the work of the Rev. John Clay, Chaplain of Preston Prison.

A valuable source-book of information on early nineteenth-century opinion and historical development. [Clay.]

Elizabeth Fry, Janet Whitney (Guild Books, Harrap), 1937. [Whitney.]

The Punishment and Prevention of Crime, Sir E. du Cane (Macmillan), 1885.

The first Chairman of the Prison Commission here describes and explains the system for which he was responsible for over twenty years, [du Cane.]

The English Prison System, Sir E. Ruggles-Brise (Macmillan), 1921.

Sir E. du Canes successor takes the story up to 1921. [Ruggles-Brise.]

English Prisons under Local Government, Sidney and Beatrice Webb (Longmans), 1922.

The standard history of our prison system up to 1898, of which any subsequent historical work must be to some extent a summary. A stimulating preface by George Bernard Shaw on crime, punishment, and prisons in general. [Webb.]

English Prisons Today, edited by S. Hobhouse and A. Fenner Brockway (Longmans), 1922.

The Report of the Prison System Enquiry Committee established in 1919 by the Labour Research Department.

The Modern English Prison, L. W. Fox (Routledge), 1934.

An account by the present writer, then Secretary of the Prison Commission, of the English prisons and Borstals in 1933.

The Home Office, Sir E. Troup (Putnam), 1925.

A short account of the Home Office, its functions, and the way it works with a history of the development of the office of Secretary of State. Sir E. Troup was Permanent Under-Secretary of State in the Home Office, 19081922. [Trpup.]

English Social History, G. M. Trevelyan (Longmans, Green), 1944. [Trevelyan.]

A History of English Criminal Law from 1750, Vol. I, L. Radzinowicz (Stevens), 1948.

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