John F. Morrissey
James L. Sumich
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About the cover: The coconut octopus, Amphioctopus marginatus, is remarkable among cephalopods for its apparent use of tools. The octopus carries seashellsor, in coastal areas, coconut shellsacross the sandy ocean floor for use as shelter in case a predator attacks. Amphioctopus also displays an unusual bipedal walking behavior, which researchers suggest may help it to imitate a drifting coconut shell.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Morrissey, John F. (John Francis), 1960
Introduction to the biology of marine life / John F. Morrissey and James L. Sumich. 10th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-7637-8160-6 (alk. paper)
1. Marine biology. I. Sumich, James L. II. Title.
QH91.S95 2011
Printed in the United States of America
14 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
As this new edition is being prepared, oil continues to gush into the Gulf of Mexico from a ruptured offshore oil well. Now, more than ever, an understanding of the sea and its inhabitants is necessary. Familiarity with the geology of the sea floor will help one understand the complexities of offshore drilling. An understanding of the physics of waves, tides, and currents will enable one to appreciate our ability to predict the direction of drift taken by this spill. Knowledge of the chemistry of seawater will provide one with the ability to understand the many changes to the water column that are being observed. Perhaps most importantly, a study of the biology of marine life will help one appreciate the reasons why so many species are being harmed by this enormous spill, from the tiniest plankton to the mighty whales, from open-ocean tuna to intertidal mussels, and from deep sea catsharks to seabirds nesting on the shoreline. All of this insight and more is contained within this tenth edition.
Audience
We have written Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life to engage introductory, college-level students in the excitement and challenge of understanding marine organisms and the environments in which they live. We assume no previous knowledge of marine biology; however, some exposure to the basic concepts of biology is helpful. This book uses selected groups of marine organisms to develop an understanding of biological principles and processes that are basic to all forms of life in the sea. To build on these basics, we present information dealing with several aspects of taxonomy, evolution, ecology, behavior, and physiology of these selected groups. We have intentionally avoided adopting any one of these major subdivisions as the framework of this text because biology is an inclusive term. We hope that a students initial venture into this exciting field provides some flavor of the mix of disciplines that constitutes modern biological science. Moreover, we hope that this text cultivates an appreciation for the need to understand marine geology (the sea floor), marine physics (waves, tides, and currents), and marine chemistry (the composition of seawater) before a complete understanding of marine biology can be achieved.