Nancy Tuana - Feminism and Science (Race, Gender, and Science)
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... thoughtful critiques of the myriad issues between women and science. -- Belles LettresOutstanding collection of essays that raise the fundamental questions of gender in what we have been taught are objective sciences. -- WATERwheel... all of the articles are well written, informative, and convincing. Admirable editorial work makes this anthology unusually helpful for scholars and students... Highly recommended... -- ChoiceQuestioning the objectivity of scientific inquiry, this volume addresses the scope of gender bias in science. The contributors examine the ways in which science is affected by and reinforces sexist biases. The essays reveal science to be a cultural institution, structured by the political, social, and economic values of the culture within which it is practiced.
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1989 by Indiana University Press All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Associates of American University Presses' Resolution on Permission constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feminism and science. (Race, gender, and science series) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Sexism in science. 2. Feminism. I. Tuana, Nancy. II. Series. Q175.5.F45 1989 305.4'35 88-46044 ISBN 0-253-36045-5 ISBN 0-253-20525-5 (pbk.)
4 5 6 00 99 98 97 96 95
Page v
CONTENTS
Preface
vii
Acknowledgments
xiii
Overview
Feminist Scholarship in the Sciences: Where Are We Now and When Can We Expect a Theoretical Breakthrough?
Sue V. Rosser
3
Feminist Theories of Science
Is There a Feminist Method?
Sandra Harding
17
The Gender/Science System: or, Is Sex to Gender as Nature Is to Science?
Evelyn Fox Keller
33
Can There Be a Feminist Science?
Helen E. Longino
45
Is the Subject of Science Sexed?
Luce Irigaray / translated by Carol Mastrangelo Bov
58
Uncovering Gynocentric Science
Ruth Ginzberg
69
Justifying Feminist Social Science
Linda Alcoff
85
John Dewey and Evelyn Fox Keller: A Shared Epistemological Tradition
Lisa Heldke
104
Page vi
Feminist Critiques of the Practice of Science
Science, Facts, and Feminism
Ruth Hubbard
119
Modeling the Gender Politics in Science
Elizabeth Potter
132
The Weaker Seed: The Sexist Bias of Reproductive Theory
Nancy Tuana
147
The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology
The Biology and Gender Study Group
172
The Premenstrual Syndrome: "Dis-easing" the Female Cycle
Jacquelyn N. Zita
188
Women and the Mismeasure of Thought
Judith Genova
211
Bibliography
229
Notes on Contributers
240
Index
243
Page vii
PREFACE
A being like the female, without the power of making concepts, is unable to make judgments. In her "mind" subjective and objective are not separated; there is no possibility of making judgments, and no possibility of reaching, or of desiring, truth. No woman is really interested in science; she may deceive herself and many good men, but bad psychologists, by thinking so. (Weininger 1906, 194)
The politics of science have included woman within the gaze of science but have excluded her from the practice of science. Weininger, in developing his "science of character," believed himself fully capable of describing and accounting for the nature of woman. In doing so, he defined women out of science. To be a scientist one must be objectivewoman is incapable of objectivity. A scientist makes rational judgmentswoman is incapable of reason. A scientist desires truthwoman desires only truth's opposite, passion.
This conception of woman's nature has excluded us from the very process of defining ourselves. Our silence is dictated; we are made into an object of study. But this exclusion has also precluded our participation in the defining of science. Through the feminist critiques of science developed over the last decade, we have given voice to our views about the politics and practice of science. We have uncovered the complex interconnection of sexist, racist, and classist biases grounding theories of human nature, and in doing so have seen the ways in which such biases permeate the entire structure of science. Feminist critiques of science have thus begun to focus on the ideologies, politics, epistemologies, economies, and metaphysics of traditional science.
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