Doyle - The cause of all nations : an international history of the American Civil War
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The Civil War is most often understood as an internal conflict, one fought by American soldiers over issues uniquely American in origin and consequence. But in The Cause of All Nations, distinguished historian Don H. Doyle reframes our understanding of the Civil War, describing it as a conflict that was shaped by international forces--and which had major international repercussions. Doyle shows that, rather than being an internal struggle, the Civil War hinged on the support of nations across the seas, especially in Europe. Both the North and the South looked to Europe for backing, and the Confederacy in particular depended on Britain and France recognizing it as a legitimate nation, which would allow for commercial treaties, loans, and even military aid. Indeed, representatives of the North and the South went so far as to adapt their ideologies to the expectations of European leaders, in the hopes of garnering much-needed support; at a certain point late in the war, the Confederacy even considered abolishing slavery in an attempt to win over French and British rulers. Lincoln quickly learned to reframe the Unions argument in order to win over potential allies. Instead of framing the debate around the unconstitutionality of the Souths secession, his speeches began to highlight the importance of preserving the Union and freeing the slaves, an approach with allowed Lincoln to win the support of the European public. The United States became the Great Republic, an embattled defender of liberty, equality, and self-government and, in Lincolns poignant words, the last best hope of earth. A bold account of the international dimensions of one of Americas most defining conflicts, The Cause of All Nations offers an important new way of understanding the Civil War-- Read more...
Abstract: When Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in 1863, he had broader aims than simply rallying a war-weary nation. Lincoln realized that the Civil War had taken on a wider significance-that all of Europe and Latin America was watching to see whether the United States, a beleaguered model of democracy, would indeed perish from the earth. In The Cause of All Nations, distinguished historian Don H. Doyle explains that the Civil War was viewed abroad as part of a much larger struggle for democracy that spanned the Atlantic Ocean, and had begun with the American and French Revolutions. While battles raged at Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg, a parallel contest took place abroad, both in the marbled courts of power and in the public square. Foreign observers held widely divergent views on the war-from radicals such as Karl Marx and Giuseppe Garibaldi who called on the North to fight for liberty and equality, to aristocratic monarchists, who hoped that the collapse of the Union would strike a death blow against democratic movements on both sides of the Atlantic. Nowhere were these monarchist dreams more ominous than in Mexico, where Napoleon III sought to implement his Grand Design for a Latin Catholic empire that would thwart the spread of Anglo-Saxon democracy and use the Confederacy as a buffer state. Hoping to capitalize on public sympathies abroad, both the Union and the Confederacy sent diplomats and special agents overseas: the South to seek recognition and support, and the North to keep European powers from interfering. Confederate agents appealed to those conservative elements who wanted the South to serve as a bulwark against radical egalitarianism. Lincoln and his Union agents overseas learned to appeal to many foreigners by embracing emancipation and casting the Union as the embattled defender of universal republican ideals, the last best hope of earth. A bold account of the international dimensions of Americas defining conflict, The Cause of All Nations frames the Civil War as a pivotal moment in a global struggle that would decide the survival of democracy. --
The Civil War is most often understood as an internal conflict, one fought by American soldiers over issues uniquely American in origin and consequence. But in The Cause of All Nations, distinguished historian Don H. Doyle reframes our understanding of the Civil War, describing it as a conflict that was shaped by international forces--and which had major international repercussions. Doyle shows that, rather than being an internal struggle, the Civil War hinged on the support of nations across the seas, especially in Europe. Both the North and the South looked to Europe for backing, and the Confederacy in particular depended on Britain and France recognizing it as a legitimate nation, which would allow for commercial treaties, loans, and even military aid. Indeed, representatives of the North and the South went so far as to adapt their ideologies to the expectations of European leaders, in the hopes of garnering much-needed support; at a certain point late in the war, the Confederacy even considered abolishing slavery in an attempt to win over French and British rulers. Lincoln quickly learned to reframe the Unions argument in order to win over potential allies. Instead of framing the debate around the unconstitutionality of the Souths secession, his speeches began to highlight the importance of preserving the Union and freeing the slaves, an approach with allowed Lincoln to win the support of the European public. The United States became the Great Republic, an embattled defender of liberty, equality, and self-government and, in Lincolns poignant words, the last best hope of earth. A bold account of the international dimensions of one of Americas most defining conflicts, The Cause of All Nations offers an important new way of understanding the Civil War
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THE CAUSE OF ALL NATIONS
Copyright 2015 by Don H. Doyle
Published by Basic Books,
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 250 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10107.
Books published by Basic Books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail .
Set in 11.5-point Adobe Garamond Pro
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953875
ISBN: 978-0-465-08092-2 (e-book)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This one is for
Jackson Doyle DeWitt
Charlie Doyle Baker
Caroline Claire DeWitt
Citizens of a new world, heirs of a vast future
The world is a solidarity, and the cause of America is the cause of Liberty. So long as there shall be across the Atlantic a society of thirty millions of men, living happily and peacefully under a government of their choice, with laws made by themselves, liberty will cast her rays over Europe like an illuminating pharos. America disencumbered of slavery will be the country of all ardent spirits, of all generous hearts. But should liberty become eclipsed in the new world, it would become night in Europe, and we shall see the work of Washington, of the Franklins, of the Hamiltons, spit upon and trampled under foot by the whole school which believes only in violence and in success.
DOUARD LABOULAYE, PROFESSOR AT THE COLLGE DE FRANCE, PARIS, 1864
CONTENTS
1860
MaySeptember: Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Thousand conquer southern Italy
November 6: Abraham Lincoln elected president of the United States
December 20: South Carolina declares secession; Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas follow by early February
1861
January 11: Mexicos Reform War ends with victory of Benito Jurez and republicans
February 4: Delegates of seceding states meet in Montgomery, Alabama, to create the Confederate States of America (CSA)
February 13: CSA approves foreign commissions to Washington and Europe
February 18: Jefferson Davis inaugurated as provisional CSA president for one year
March 2: US Congress passes Morrill Tariff
March 3: Czar Alexander II emancipates Russias serfs
March 4: Abraham Lincolns inaugural address defines secession as rebellion without cause
March 18: President Pedro Santana of Dominican Republic declares reannexation to Spain
April 1: Secretary of State William Henry Seward advises Lincoln to confront Spain and France
April 12: CSA attacks Fort Sumter
April 15: Lincoln calls for troops from all states; Henry Sanford, head of Union secret service, arrives in Europe
April 17: Virginia followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede
April 19: Lincoln announces plans to blockade Southern ports
April 29: CSA European CommissionWilliam Yancey, Pierre Rost, and Ambrose Dudley Mannconvenes in London
May 13: Charles Francis Adams, US minister to Britain, arrives in London; Britain declares neutrality, recognizing both sides as belligerents; France, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Brazil, and Hawaii follow by August
June: Mary Louis Booth translates Agnor de Gasparins pro-Union Uprising of a Great People
July 19: President Benito Jurez suspends payment on Mexicos foreign debt for two years
July 21: CSA routs Union at First Battle of Bull Run
September 89: Henry Sanford meets with Giuseppe Garibaldi at Caprera
September 14: Carl Schurz, US minister to Spain, urges Seward to adopt emancipation; John Bigelow, US consul general, arrives in Paris to promote public diplomacy
October 31: Tripartite Treaty of London: France, Spain, and Britain agree to invade Mexico
November: James Spences pro-CSA The American Union published in Britain
November 6: Jefferson Davis elected to six-year term as CSA president
November 8: CSA envoys John Slidell and James Mason abducted onboard British ship Trent
November 24: US special agents Thurlow Weed, Archbishop John Hughes, and Bishop Charles McIlvaine arrive in Europe and help defuse Trent crisis
December 4: Member of Parliament (MP) John Brights speech at Rochdale, England, urges support of Union
December 8: Tripartite Alliance invasion of Mexico begins with landing of Spanish fleet; British and French follow in early January
December 25: Lincoln and cabinet decide to release Slidell and Mason
1862
January: Carl Schurz meets privately with Lincoln to urge emancipation
January 29: Confederate envoys Slidell, Mason, and Henry Hotze arrive in London
February 22: Jefferson Davis inaugurated as CSA president for six-year term
March 17: Judah P. Benjamin appointed CSA secretary of state
April 9: Breakup of Tripartite Alliance in Mexico; British and Spanish withdraw troops
May 1: Hotze launches CSA journal the Index in London; New Orleans captured by Union
May 5: Mexican republican army thwarts French army at Puebla
June 29: Edwin De Leon, CSA special agent for public diplomacy, arrives in Europe
July 1: Seven Days Battle ends Union general George McClellans Virginia campaign
July 16: Slidell meets Napoleon III at Vichy to discuss cotton bribe and alliance
July 18: British Parliament debates motion by William Lindsay to recognize CSA
July 22: Lincoln announces emancipation plan to cabinet, decides to postpone
August: Gasparins America Before Europe published in New York
August 2829: CSA routs Union at Second Battle of Bull Run and later advances into Maryland
August 29: Garibaldi wounded at Aspromonte during march on Rome
September 1: Theodore Canisius, US consul to Vienna, invites Garibaldi to lead Union army
September 14: British prime minister Palmerston initiates plan to intervene in American war
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