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Stephen R. C. Hicks - Nietzsche and the Nazis

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Stephen R. C. Hicks Nietzsche and the Nazis
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) is famous for his statement that God is dead and his provocative account of Master and Slave moralities and for the fact that Adolf Hitler and the Nazis claimed that Nietzsche was one of their great inspirations. Were the Nazis right to do so or did they misappropriate Nietzsches philosophy? In this book, based on the 2006 documentary, Professor Stephen Hicks asks and answers the following questions: * What were the key elements of Hitler and the National Socialists political philosophy? * How did the Nazis come to power in a nation as educated and civilized as Germany? * What was Friedrich Nietzsches philosophy the philosophy of Live dangerously and That which does not kill us makes us stronger? * And to what extent did Nietzsches philosophy provide a foundation for the horrors perpetrated by the Nazis?**About the AuthorDr. Stephen Hicks is Professor of Philosophy at Rockford College, Illinois, and Executive Director of the Center for Ethics and Entrepreneurship. He has been a visiting professor at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. and a visiting scholar at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center in Bowling Green, Ohio. He is also the author of Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault (Scholargy, 2004), The Art of Reasoning: Readings for Logical Analysis (Second edition, W. W. Norton & Co., 1998), and articles in academic journals such as The Review of Metaphysics and other publications such as The Wall Street Journal.

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Nietzsche and the Nazis

A Personal View

Stephen Hicks, Ph.D.

Ockhams Razor Publishing


Stephen Hicks, 2006, 2010

Nietzsche and the Nazis documentary created by N2 Productions and published by Ockhams Razor Publishing in 2006. ISBN: 9492262049. ASIN: B000JMJQGS

Nietzsche and the Nazis book published by Ockhams Razor Publishing in 2010. ISBN: 978-0-9794270-7-7

All rights reserved.

Cover design, book design, and layout by Christopher Vaughan. Cover art

Christopher Vaughan, 2010

10 11 12 13 14 15 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

First Edition First Digital Printing

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending

Hicks, Stephen R. C., 1960-

Nietzsche and the Nazis / Stephen Hicks.

Includes bibliographic references.

ISBN: 978-0-9794270-7-7 (cloth)

ISBN: (paper)

1. Title. 2. History, German. 3. SocialismHistory. 4. National Socialism. 5. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900).


Table of Contents

Part 1. Introduction: Philosophy and History

1. Fascinated by history

2. What is philosophy of history?

Part 2. Explaining Nazism Philosophically

3. How could Nazism happen?

4. Five weak explanations for National Socialism

5. Explaining Nazism philosophically

Part 3. National Socialist Philosophy

6. The Nazi Party Program

7. Collectivism, not individualism

8. Economic socialism, not capitalism

9. Nationalism, not internationalism or cosmopolitanism

10. Authoritarianism, not liberal democracy

11. Idealism, not politics as usual

12. Nazi democratic success

Part 4. The Nazis in Power

13. Political controls

14. Education

15. Censorship

16. Eugenics

17. Economic controls

18. Militarization

19. The Holocaust

20. The question of Nazisms philosophical roots

Part 5. Nietzsches Life and Influence

21. Who was Friedrich Nietzsche?

22. God is dead

23. Nihilisms symptoms

24. Masters and slaves

25. The origin of slave morality

26. The overman

Part 6. Nietzsche against the Nazis

27. Five differences

28. On the blond beast and racism

29. On contemporary Germans: the worlds hope or contemptible?

30. On anti-Semitism: valid or disgusting?

31. On the Jews: admirable or despicable?

32. On Judaism and Christianity: opposite or identical?

33. Summary of the five differences

Part 7. Nietzsche as a Proto-Nazi

34. Anti-individualism and collectivism

35. Conflict of groups

36. Instinct, passion, and anti-reason

37. Conquest and war

38. Authoritarianism

39. Summary of the five similarities

Part 8. Conclusion: Nazi and Anti-Nazi Philosophies

40. Hindsight and future resolve

41. Principled anti-Nazism

Part 9. Appendices

Appendix 1: NSDAP Party Program

Appendix 2: Quotations on Nazi socialism and fascism

Appendix 3: Quotations on German anti-Semitism

Appendix 4: Quotations on German militarism

Bibliography

Acknowledgments


Part 1. Introduction: Philosophy and History
1. Fascinated by history

Think about why we are fascinated by history. All of those outstanding individuals and exotic peoples. The rise and fall of civilizationsand wondering why that happens. How did classical Greece achieve its Golden Agethe age of Socrates and Pericles, Euripides and Hippocrates? What explains the remarkable confluence of so many outstanding individuals in one era?

Why, almost two thousand years later, did the Italian Renaissance happen? Leonardo, Michelangelo, Machiavelli, Raphaelagain an incredible outpouring of genius in the arts, sciences, and politics.

Jumping ahead three centuries: What made possible the Industrial Revolution and its awesome outpouring of productivity? The ancient Chinese and the ancient Romans made impressive technological advancementsbut nothing on the scale of the Industrial Revolution. Why did the Industrial Revolution first take root initially in England and Scotland? Why not in Burma or Botswana?

Or what, by contrast, explains major historical declines? Why did the Roman Empire collapse? The most powerful civilization of the ancient world imploded and became defenseless before successive waves of barbarian invasion. And before the Romans, the powerful military empires of the Hittites, the Assyrians, and the Babylonians also collapsed. Is there a common pattern at work here?

Why did the French Revolution go so horribly wrong, descending in a reign of paranoia, fratricide, and terror? Why, by contrast, did the American Revolution, in many ways fighting the same kind of battle and subject to the same desperate pressures, not go the same self-destructive route? How, a century and a half later, could the most educated nation in Europe become a Nazi dictatorship?

All these questions raise issues of dramatic historical change, for better or worse. But we can also ask questions about long periods during which no dramatic changes took place. Consider the San people of the Kalahari area in Southern Africa, sometimes called Bushmen. Experts estimate that for 10,000 years the San have lived the same way for generation after generation. Let us put that in perspective. If a generation is twenty-five years or so, then 10,000 years means 400 generations of sameness. By contrast, it has been only about twenty generations since Columbus crossed the Atlanticand consider how much has changed in Europe and the Americas since then.

Yet even the 10,000 years of the San people is dwarfed by the estimated 35,000 years that the Aborigines of Australia have existed in essentially the same way generation after generation. 35,000 years ago is approximately when Neanderthal Man was becoming extinct. Why did the cultures of the San and the Aborigines not change for such unimaginably long stretches of time?

2. What is philosophy of history?

These are fascinating questions. As historians we study interesting individuals and cultures to understand how they lived, why they lived the way they did, and what impact they had on the course of human events. As philosophers we think more broadly and abstractly. We learn our lessons from the historians and ask: Are there broader explanations we can find in the dramatic rises and falls of cultures, or in the static nature of others?

History, from this perspective, is a huge laboratory of experiments in human living. Some of those experiments have been wildly successful, some have achieved middling results, leading their cultures to eke out an existence across the generationsand some have been outright disasters, causing misery and death on a large scale. Can we identify the fundamental causes at work? Can we learn why some cultures flourish while others stagnate, collapse, or descend into horror? Is there a moral to the story of history?

Let us turn to one major experiment, one that turned out to be one of the darkest eras in human history.


Part 2. Explaining Nazism Philosophically
3. How could Nazism happen?

How could Nazism happen? This is an important question: professors and teachers the world over use the Nazis as a prime example of evil and rightly so. The Nazis were enormously destructive, killing 20 million people during their twelve-year reign. They were not the most destructive regime of the twentieth century: Josef Stalin and the other Communist dictators of the Soviet Union killed sixty-two million people. Mao Zedong and the Communists in China killed thirty-five million. The Nazis killed over twenty million and no doubt would have killed millions more had they not been defeated.

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