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Anthony Sullivan - Britains War Against the Slave Trade: The Operations of the Royal Navys West Africa Squadron 1807-1867

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Britains War Against the Slave Trade: The Operations of the Royal Navys West Africa Squadron 1807-1867: summary, description and annotation

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Long before recorded history, men, women and children had been seized by conquering tribes and nations to be employed or traded as slaves. Greeks, Romans, Vikings and Arabs were among the earliest of many peoples involved in the slave trade, and across Africa the buying and selling of slaves was widespread. There was, at the time, nothing unusual in Britains somewhat belated entry into the slave trade, transporting natives from Africas west coast to the plantations of the New World. What was unusual was Britains decision, in 1807, to ban the slave trade throughout the British Empire. Britain later persuaded other countries to follow suit, but this did not stop this lucrative business. So the Royal Navy went to war against the slavers, in due course establishing the West Africa Squadron which was based at Freetown in Sierra Leone. This force grew throughout the nineteenth century until a sixth of the Royal Navys ships and marines was employed in the battle against the slave trade. Between 1808 and 1860, the West Africa Squadron captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans. The slavers tried every tactic to evade the Royal Navy enforcers. Over the years that followed more than 1,500 naval personnel died of disease or were killed in action, in what was difficult and dangerous, and at times saddening, work. In _Britains War Against the Slave Trade,_ naval historian Anthony Sullivan reveals the story behind this little-known campaign by Britain to end the slave trade. Whereas Britain is usually, and justifiably, condemned for its earlier involvement in the slave trade, the truth is that in time the Royal Navy undertook a major and expensive operation to end what was, and is, an evil business.

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Britains War Against the Slave Trade Britains War Against the Slave Trade The - photo 1

Britains War Against the Slave Trade

Britains War Against the Slave Trade


The Operations of the Royal Navys West Africa Squadron 18071867


Anthony Sullivan


First published in Great Britain in 2020 by Frontline Books An imprint of Pen - photo 2

First published in Great Britain in 2020 by

Frontline Books

An imprint of

Pen & Sword Books Ltd

Yorkshire Philadelphia


Copyright Anthony Sullivan 2020


ISBN 978 1 52671 793 1

eISBN 978 1 52671 795 5

Mobi ISBN 978 1 52671 794 8


The right of Anthony Sullivan to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.


A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.


All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.


Pen & Sword Books Limited incorporates the imprints of Atlas, Archaeology, Aviation, Discovery, Family History, Fiction, History, Maritime, Military, Military Classics, Politics, Select, Transport, True Crime, Air World, Frontline Publishing, Leo Cooper, Remember When, Seaforth Publishing, The Praetorian Press, Wharncliffe Local History, Wharncliffe Transport, Wharncliffe True Crime and White Owl.


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Contents

Index

Maps


Drawings - photo 3

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Drawings


Britains War Against the Slave Trade The Operations of the Royal Navys West Africa Squadron 1807-1867 - photo 7

Ackno - photo 8

Acknowledgements Iwould like to thank the staff of the National Archives - photo 9

Acknowledgements Iwould like to thank the staff of the National Archives - photo 10

Acknowledgements Iwould like to thank the staff of the National Archives - photo 11
Acknowledgements

Iwould like to thank the staff of the National Archives, Kew, for their assistance whilst researching this book. The online British Newspaper Archive was also a valuable source of information as were the digitised Papers Presented To Parliament detailing the operations of various Mixed-Commission and Vice-Admiralty courts (including those at St Helena not eaten by termites!).

Since the release of Christopher Lloyds The Navy and the Slave Trade in 1949 there has been surprisingly little written about the Royal Navys six-decade-long suppression campaign and I am indebted to Peter Grindal for his recent, meticulously researched work, Opposing the Slavers. Other authors whose work I found most useful include Leslie Bethell, Bernard Edwards, Jenny S. Martinez, Andrew Pearson and Sin Rees. Finally, I would like to thank all at Pen and Sword Books, especially John Grehan for initially suggesting the project and Lisa Hoosan and Stephen Chumbley for their help in the preparation of this book.

Excerpts from Opposing the Slavers are Grindal, P. 2016, Opposing the Slavers: The Royal Navys Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade, I.B. Tauris, used by permission of Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd. Excerpts from Royal Navy Versus the Slave Traders are Edwards, B. Royal Navy Versus the Slave Traders: Enforcing Abolition at Sea 18081898 (Pen and Sword Books, 2007). Excerpts from Sweet Water and Bitter are Sin Rees 2009, Sweet Water and Bitter: The Ships that Stopped the Slave Trade, first published in Great Britain by Chatto & Windus in 2009.

Glossary


aft:To the rear of a vessel.
amidships:The central part of the ship.
athwart:At right angles to the ships centreline.
barque:A vessel with three or more masts. The aft mast fore-and-aft rigged, the others square rigged.
beak:Projection at head of a ship beneath the bowsprit, to which is attached the ships figurehead.
beam:The width of the ship.
bear:To turn relative to the direction of the wind; i.e. bear to or bear away from the wind.
beat:To sail into the wind by repeatedly tacking.
bowsprit:A spar projecting forward from the bows upon which yards can be set.
brig:A vessel with two square-rigged masts.
brig-sloop:A two-masted sailing vessel, square rigged on both masts.
brigantine:A two-masted vessel, the aft mast fore-and-aft rigged.
broad pennant:A long, swallow-tailed flag flown by a commodore.
bulkhead:Internal partition in a vessel.
burthen:Internal volume of a ship.
cable:(i) Strong, heavy rope. (ii) Measure of distance, 200 yards.
careen:To heave a ship down onto her side by her masts for cleaning.
chains:Narrow platforms that provided a fixing point for the rigging outside the hull of the ship.
commodore:Senior captain placed in command of a squadron or division.
cordage:Rope or rigging.
cutter:A single-masted vessel with more than one forward set fore-and-aft rigged sail.
draught:Depth of water in which a ship floats.
fathom:6ft.
felucca:A small, two-masted Mediterranean vessel used for coastal trading, sometimes also equipped with oars.
fish:A long piece of timber lashed to a mast or yard to strengthen it.
flagship:Ship of the officer in command of a squadron or fleet, and flying his flag.
fleet:Several squadrons of ships combined under the command of a single officer.
forecastle:Originally castellated, the structure at the front of the ship around the foremast.
foremast:Furthest-forward mast on a ship with two or more masts.
frigate:Single-decked, square-rigged warship. Fast sailing and lightly armed.
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