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Harold P. Howard - Sacajawea

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In the saga of early western exploration a young Shoshoni Indian girl named Sacajawea is famed as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Far Northwest between 1804 and 1806. Her fame rests upon her contributions to the expedition. In guiding them through the wilderness, in gathering wild foods, and, above all, in serving as an ambassadress to Indian tribes along the way she helped to assure the success of the expedition.This book retraces Sacajaweas path across the Northwest, from the Mandan Indian villages in present-day South Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, and back. On the journey Sacajawea was accompanied by her neer-do-well French-Canadian husband, Toussaint Charboneau, and her infant son, Baptiste, who became a favorite of the members of the expedition, especially Captain William Clark.The author presents a colorful account of Sacajaweas journeys with Lewis and Clark and an objective evaluation of the controversial accounts of her later years.

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title Sacajawea author Howard Harold P publisher - photo 1

title:Sacajawea
author:Howard, Harold P.
publisher:University of Oklahoma Press
isbn10 | asin:0806115785
print isbn13:9780806115788
ebook isbn13:9780585155890
language:English
subjectSacagawea,--1786-1884, Lewis and Clark Expedition--(1804-1806)
publication date:1971
lcc:F592.7.S1233eb
ddc:970.3
subject:Sacagawea,--1786-1884, Lewis and Clark Expedition--(1804-1806)
Sacajawea
Page ii
The statue of Sacajawea, shown on the facing page, by Leonard Crunelle, 1910, is on the grounds of the Capitol Building, Bismarck, North Dakota.
Page iii
Sacajawea Harold P Howard UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS NORMAN - photo 2
Sacajawea
Harold P. Howard
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS
NORMAN
Page iv
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-160495
ISBN: 0-8061-1578-5
Copyright 1971 by the University of Oklahoma Press,
Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights
reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Page v
PREFACE
Few personalities in American history have been more idealizedor more controversialthan Sacajawea, the Shoshoni Indian girl who accompanied Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their expedition to the Pacific Coast in 1804-1806. Some historians, among them Samuel Eliot Morison and LeRoy R. Hafen, refer to her as a guide or interpreter for the party. Others call her an unofficial
Page vi
"ambassadress" to the Indians living in the regions through which the explorers passed. Her importance to the expedition has also been disputed. Early twentieth-century historians tended to glorify her role. More recent writers are inclined to minimize her contribution and even to adopt a somewhat scornful view of her assistance to the explorers. It is the purpose of this book to review what has been learned and conjectured about her life before, during, and after the expedition and to accord to this appealing woman her rightful place in the westward expansion of the United States.
Sacajawea's life, like that of other native Americans who played brief but important roles on the stage of American history, must be largely pieced together from contemporary accountsfrom the journals, diaries, and notes of Lewis and Clark and other members of the expedition. From those records it seems clear that Sacajawea joined the expedition largely by accident. She was allowed to accompany her French-Canadian husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, who was hired in the Mandan villages in North Dakota to serve as an interpreter on the journey westward. Sacajawea was one of the two unofficial members of the party, the other being Clark's black servant, York. Moreover, she was an unlikely member: she carried a newborn son. Yet it may be that her greatest service, among the many she performed, was simply her presence among the hardy band of explorers. The Indians the expedition encountered along the way knew that a woman with a baby never accompanied a war party. Her presence assured them that the explorers' intentions were peaceful.
After the Lewis and Clark party returned to North
Page vii
Dakota, Sacajawea's service to the expedition ended. For many years afterward her name was almost lost to history. Contemporary records indicate that she died in her twenties in South Dakota. Indian tradition gives her a long life, the latter part spent in Wyoming with her people.
Contemporary records make it fairly easy to trace the later life of Sacajawea's husband, Charbonneau. Sacajawea's subsequent life is much more difficult to ascertain. Over the years the mists of legend tended to obscure the real woman. All that is known today about her and her family can be found in the pages that follow, with due attention to what many accept as authentic Indian oral tradition.
Americans are sentimental about their heroines. More memorials honor Sacajawea than any other American woman. Monuments, markers, and shafts have been erected in her honor, and parks, lakes, and mountain peaks have been named for her. This book, the product of many years spent in research and in sifting fact from romance, represents an effort at an unbiased appraisal of Sacajawea and her achievements.
To make clear Sacajawea's contribution to the success of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, I have found it necessary to retrace the path of the expedition in some detail, relating events in which Sacajawea took no direct or recorded part. Her daily assistance to the explorersprimarily as a provider of edible wild foodwas often accepted without comment. Only in moments of crisis or times of deprivation was her aid acknowledged. Yet the explorers were aware of and grateful for her presenceas I hope to make clear in the pages that follow.
I wish to express thanks to many persons who have helped
Page viii
in the preparation of this book by offering useful advice and criticismespecially Ardis Edwards Burton, of Crockett, California; T. A. Larson, of the University of Wyoming; and Will G. Robinson, former secretary of the South Dakota Historical Society.
Picture 3
HAROLD P. HOWARD
STICKNEY, SOUTH DAKOTA
Page ix
CONTENTS
Preface
v
Part One. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
1. The Expedition Sets Out
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