AMERICAN NOTES
CHARLES DICKENS was born in Portsmouth on 7 February 1812, the second of eight children. Dickens childhood experiences were similar to those depicted in David Copperfield. His father, who was a government clerk, was imprisoned for debt, and Dickens was briefly sent to work in a blacking warehouse at the age of twelve. He received little formal education, but taught himself shorthand and became a reporter of parliamentary debates for the Morning Chronicle. He began to publish sketches in various periodicals, which were subsequently republished as Sketches by Boz. The Pickwick Papers was published in 18367 and after a slow start became a publishing phenomenon and Dickenss characters the centre of a popular cult. Part of the secret of his success was the method of cheap serial publication he adopted; thereafter, all Dickenss novels were first published in serial form. He began Oliver Twist in 1837, followed by Nicholas Nickleby (1838) and The Old Curiosity Shop (184041). After finishing Barnaby Rudge (1841) Dickens set off for America; he went full of enthusiasm for the young republic but, in spite of a triumphant reception, he returned disillusioned. His experiences are recorded in American Notes (1842). A Christmas Carol, the first of the hugely popular Christmas Books, appeared in 1843, while Martin Chuzzlewit, which included a fictionalized account of his American travels, was first published over the period 18434. During 18446 Dickens travelled abroad and he began Dombey and Son while in Switzerland. This and David Copperfield (184950) were more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early novels. In later works, such as Bleak House (1853) and Little Dorrit (1857), Dickenss social criticism became more radical and his comedy more savage. In 1850 Dickens started the weekly periodical Household Words, succeeded in 1859 by All the Year Round; in these he published Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859) and Great Expectations (186061). Dickenss health was failing during the 1860s and the physical strain of the public readings which he began in 1853 hastened his decline, although Our Mutual Friend (1865) retained some of his best comedy. His last novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, was never completed and he died on 9 June 1870. Public grief at his death was considerable and he was buried in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey.
PATRICIA INGHAM is a Fellow of St Annes College, Reader in English and The Times Lecturer in English Language, at the University of Oxford. She has written extensively on the Victorian novel. Her most recent publications include Dickens, Women and Language (1992) and The Language of Gender and Class: Transformation in the Victorian Novel (1996). She has also edited Charles Dickenss Martin Chuzzlewit, Elizabeth Gaskells North and South and Thomas Hardys The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved and The Well-Beloved and The Woodlanders for Penguin Classics, and is General Editor of all of Thomas Hardys fiction in the Penguin Classics Edition.
CHARLES DICKENS
AMERICAN NOTES
For General Circulation
Edited with an Introduction and Notes by
PATRICIA INGHAM
PENGUIN BOOKS
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First published by Chapman and Hall, 1842
Published in Penguin Classics 2000
I
Introduction and Notes copyright Patricia Ingham, 2000
A Dickens Chronology copyright Stephen Wall, 1995
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EISBN: 9780141904788
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I should like to thank Jenny Harrington, Shannon Russell, Bronwyn Rivers and the staff of St Annes College library for their help in preparing this edition.
A DICKENS CHRONOLOGY
1812 7 February Charles John Huffam Dickens born at Portsmouth, where his father is a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. The eldest son in a family of eight, two of whom die in childhood.
1817 Family move to Chatham.
1822 Family move to London.
1824 Dickenss father in Marshalsea Debtors Prison for three months. Dickens employed in a blacking warehouse, labelling bottles. Attends Wellington House Academy, a private school, 18247.
1827 Becomes a solicitors clerk.
1832 Becomes a parliamentary reporter after mastering shorthand.In love with Maria Beadnell, 183033
1833 First published story, A Dinner at Poplar Walk, in the Monthly Magazine. Further stories and sketches in this and other periodicals, 18345.
1834 Becomes reporter on the Morning Chronicle.
1835 Engaged to Catherine Hogarth, daughter of editor of the Evening Chronicle.
1836Sketches by Boz, First and Second Series, published. Marries Catherine Hogarth. Meets John Forster, his literary adviser and future biographer.
1837The Pickwick Papers published in one volume (issued in monthly parts, 18367). Birth of a son, the first of ten children. Death of Mary Hogarth, Dickenss sister-in-law. Edits Bentleys Miscellany, 18379.
1838Oliver Twist published in three volumes (serialized monthly in Bentleys Miscellany, 18379). Visits Yorkshire schools of the Dotheboys type.
1839Nicholas Nickleby published in one volume (issued in monthly parts, 18389).
1841 Declines invitation to stand for Parliament. The Old Curiosity Shop and Barnaby Rudge published in separate volumes after appearing in weekly numbers in Master Humphreys Clock, 184041. Public dinner in his honour at Edinburgh.
1842JanuaryJune First visit to North America, described in American Notes, two volumes.
1843December A Christmas Carol appears.
1844Martin Chuzzlewit published in one volume (issued in monthly parts, 18434). Dickens and family leave for Italy, Switzerland and France. Dickens returns to London briefly to read The Chimes to friends before its publication in December.
1845 Dickens and family return from Italy.
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