Kolata - Flu: the story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it

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Table of Contents

In uncovering the story of the 1918 flu and the search for the killer virus, I especially appreciate the extraordinary assistance I received from Jeffery Taubenberger and Johan Hultinthe long hours they spent discussing their stories with me, their help with my follow-up questions and requests, and their generous provision of documents that were invaluable to me in writing this book. I also want to thank Edwin Kilbourne, John Oxford, and Robert Channock for providing me with articles and letters and for their assistance in my efforts to tell a story that was not just accurate but true. In addition, I had the generous cooperation of scores of scientists who agreed to repeated interviews and provided me with documents and papers and other materials that added facts, perspective, and color to the tale.

I also thank my husband, Bill Kolata, for patiently reading my manuscript and its revisions and for finding documents and data that helped bring the story of the 1918 flu to life.

Clone: The Road to Dolly and the Path Ahead

Sex in America: A Definitive Survey (with Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, and Edward O. Laumann)

The Baby Doctors: Probing the Limits of Fetal Medicine

1. THE PLAGUE YEAR

3 camouflaged German ship Authors interview with Alfred Crosby, August 28, 1998.

4 Doanes remarks Philadelphia Inquirer, September 21, 1918.

5 W-shaped death curves Gerald F. Pyle, The Diffusion of Influenza: Patterns and Paradigms (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1986), p. 50.

6 origin of word influenza Edwin D. Kilbourne, Influenza (New York: Plenum Medical Book Co., 1987), p. 26.

6 the disease might be cholera Internet site raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/medical/pasrons.htm .

6 influenza in quotation marks Richard E. Shope, Old, Intermediate, and Contemporary Contributions to Our Knowledge of Pandemic Influenza, Medicine 23 (1944): 422-23.

6 25 percent of U.S. population Pyle, The Diffusion of Influenza, p. 30.

67 Navy and Army estimates Alfred W. Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 203.

9 flu in San Sebastin and Madrid Richard Collier, The Plague of the Spanish Lady (London: Allison & Busby, 1996) pp. 7-8.

10 Sergeant Ackers letter Edward M. Coffman, The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 80.

10 why the flu was called Spanish Shope, Old, Intermediate, and Contemporary Contributions, p. 419.

10 Ford and San Quentin Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, p. 18.

11 the flu in England Collier, Plague of the Spanish Lady, p. 8.

11 the epidemic in Asia Richard E. Shope, The R. E. Dyer Lecture. Influenza. History, Epidemiology, and Speculation, Public Health Reports, 73, no. 2 (1958): 168-69.

11 Grand Fleet Collier, Plague of the Spanish Lady, p. 8.

11 It was a grievous business Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, p. 27.

12 had grimly cut its swath Pyle, The Diffusion of Influenza, p. 41.

12 forms of the flu Shope, R. E. Dyer Lecture, p. 169.

1213 the toll in Boston Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, pp. 30, 40.

13 Roys letter British Medical Journal, December 2229, 1979, pp. 163233.

14 William Henry Welch Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, p. 3.

15 Welch at Fort Devens Simon Flexner and James Thomas Flexner, William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941), p. 376.

15 You will proceed immediately Victor C. Vaughan, A Doctors Memories (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926), pp. 43132.

1516 Deaths at Fort Devens Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, p. 7.

16 Vaughans previous experience Ibid., p. 7.

16 hundreds of stalwart young men Vaughan, A Doctors Memories , pp. 38384.

17 was quite excited Flexner and Flexner, William Henry Welch, pp. 37677.

18 our doctors and nurses Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, p. 48.

18 draft call canceled Ibid., pp. 4849.

18 flu epidemic in Philadelphia Ibid., pp. 7177, and Pyle, The Diffusion of Influenza, p. 49.

20 759 deaths Bradford Luckingham, Epidemic in the Southwest, 19181919 (El Paso: Texas Western Press, University of Texas at El Paso, 1984), p. 2.

21 Worldwide spread of flu Shope, R. E. Dyer Lecture, p. 169.

21 street cars rattled down Bank Street Kilbourne, Influenza, p. 15.

21 shortage of coffins in Cape Town Ibid.

21 All the theaters Katherine Anne Porter, Pale Horse, Pale Rider (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936), p. 233. The informationthat the novella is autobiographical is from an interview on August 28, 1998, with Alfred Crosby, who communicated with Porter before her death.

21 It happened so suddenly Kilbourne, Influenza, p. 15.

22 John McCrae Web site http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/LostPoets/McCrae.htn .

22 I saw one patient die Pyle, The Diffusion of Influenza, p. 51.

22 Camp Sherman victims Coffman, The War to End All Wars, pap. 8283.

22 Soldiers chewed tobacco Ibid.

23 no person shall appear Luckingham, Epidemic in the Southwest, p.34.

23 the ghost of fear Ibid., p. 20.

23 spread of anecdotes Web site http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~uda/flu.html .

25 I am so glad I can help Luckingham, Epidemic in the Southwest, p. 10.

25 death of Thomas Wolfes brother Thomas Wolfe, Look Homeward, Angel (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1929), pp. 45265.

27 description of palliative care Crosby, Americas Forgotten Pandemic, p. 7.

29 experiences of Dr. Park Interview with his daughter, Mrs. William Meade Wheless, April 27, 1998.

30 Description of Camp Upton Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in The World War. Zone of the Interior: Territorial Departments. Tactical Divisions Organized in 1918. Posts, Camps, and Stations, vol. 3, part 2 (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1988), p. 796, and The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, vol. 5: Military Hospitals in the United States, prepared under the direction of Maj. Gen. M. W. Ireland, M.D., Surgeon General of the Army, by Lieut. Col. Frank W. Weed, M.C., U.S. Army.

2. A HISTORY OF DISEASE AND DEATH

35 Descriptions of the plague of Athens Robert Maynard Hutchins, editor-in-chief, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 6: Thucydides: The History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Richard Crawley, revised by R. Feetham (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), pp. 387405.

38 tuberculosis stalked city dwellers Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), pp. 40142.

38 the sickness began in China McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), p. 175.

39 Europes population had tripled Robert S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Unnatural Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (The Free Press, 1985), p. 15.

39 Agnolo di Tura Ibid., p. 45.

40 Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron, translated and with an introduction by G. H. McWilliam (London: Penguin Books, 1972), pp. 37, 52, 53, 56, 197.

4344 descriptions of the cholera epidemic in England R. J. Morris, Cholera 1832: The Social Response to an Epidemic (London: Croom Held, 1976), pp. 11, 15, 16, 2122, 12223, 145, 197.

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