Reginald - Christianity and Islam in Spain, A.D. 756-1031

AUTHOR OF "ENGLAND AND THE OPIUM TRADE"; "EDUCATION AND MISSIONS";

"VERSIONS IN VERSE."

[Note: While there is only one Chapter IX in the Table of Contents, there are two in text. I believe the first was meant to be part of Chapter VIII.]

Invasion of Spain by the barbariansIts easy conquestQuarrels among the conquerorsDeparture of the VandalsVisigoths gain the supremacyConflict with Eastern EmpireReduction of the SueviAll Spain becomes GothicApproach of SaracensPlanting of Christianity in SpainSt JamesGospel first preached at ElviraIrenaeusPersecutionsMartyrs Council of ElviraCouncil of NiceNumber of ChristiansPaganism proscribedJulianArianismUlphilasConversion of barbariansDegeneracy of religionPriscillianHis heresy condemnedPriscillian burntPaganism, in SpainThe Gothic GovernmentChurch and State Power of kingElection of bishopsArianism of GothsErmenegildBigotry in SpainJewsInfluence of clergyOf the pope ......1-11

Period of Gothic ruleDegeneracy of GothsCauses of their fallBattle of GuadaleteResistance of townsTheodomirRemnant in the NorthMohammedanismIts rise and progressReduction of AfricaSiege of ConstantinopleAttacks on SpainTarifArabs in GaulAnarchy in SpainChristians in the NorthClemency of the ArabsTreatiesConquest easyRhapsodies of IsidoreSlavesJewsImpartiality of Arab governorsKhalifate establishedFeuds of Arabs and BerbersRevolt of BerbersSyrian ArabsSettlement of ArabsEffect of Berber wars ......11-25

Landing of AbdurrahmanKhalifate of CordovaCondition of Christians ProselytismApostatesArabs and SpaniardsEvidence of Christian writersCondition of the peopleSerfsNo revoltsNo solidarity with the Christians in the NorthRelations wkh Arabs at first friendlyThe jehad in SpainMartyrs in battleFabulous martyrAnambad, first martyrPeter of NajumaNo other till 824John and Adulphus Causes of MartyrdomsAmalgamation of the two peoplesIntermarriage Children of mixed parentsNunilo and AlodiaMania for martyrdomVoluntary martyrdomsThe Spanish confessorsThreatened deterioration in the ChurchChristianity infected with Moslem customs Religious fervour in conventsFanaticism, of monksFresh martyrs Perfectus, John, IsaacArab inability to understand the motives of these martyrsCauses of fanaticismSanctusPeterWalabonsus, etc ......25-40

Flora and MariaTheir adventuresTrialMeet Eulogius in prisonTheir executionOther martyrsHidden ChristiansAurelius, Sabigotha, etc Plan for procuring martyrdomMiracle in prisonExecutionOther martyrsDeath of Abdurrahman II.Mohammed I.MartyrsProdigy upon their executionOutrage in a mosquePunishment of offendersApprehension of kingMeditates a persecutionEven a massacreSeries of martyrdomsCloister of Tabanos suppressedColumba, PomposaAbundius a true martyrOthers martyredCensor of CordovaPersecution and death of RudericEulogiusParentage and antecedentsOpposes amalgamation of Arabs and ChristiansEncourages learning of LatinImprisonmentElected Bishop of ToledoAgain imprisonedTrialExecutionHis relics ......40-54

Doubtful martyrsNo persecution ragingThe MuzarabesChurches in CordovaArab description of a churchMonasteries outside the cityVoluntary martyrs, chiefly from CordovaNo ferment at ElviraEnthusiasts not a large bodyTheir leadersThe moderate partyObjections against the martyrsVoluntary martyrdoms forbidden by the ChurchAnswer of apologistsEvidence as to persecutionApologists inconsistentEulogius and AlvarReviling of MohammedMartyrs worked no miraclesDefence of apologists illogicalMartyrs put to death not by idolatersDeath without tortureTheir bodies corruptedMoslem tauntsEffect of martyrdoms on the MoslemsProhibition of relicsTraffic in relicsThey work miraclesRelics taken from Spain to France Expedition of monks for that purposeSt Vincent's bodyRelics of George, Aurelius, etc., carried offReturn to FranceMeasures of the moderate partyOf the MoslemsReccafredussupported by the majority of ChristiansFanatics coercedAnathematizedAction of kingSuspects political movementRevolt at ToledoGrand CouncilMeasures against zealotsMeditated persecutionThe extreme party broken upApostasiesReason of theseThe exceptor GomezThe decision of the CouncilCessation of martyrdoms ......54-73

National partyRevolt of Spaniards against ArabsMartyrs in battle Martyrdoms under Abdurrahman III.PelagiusArgenteaThe monks of CardenaEugeniaNo real persecution under the Great Khalif General view of Christian Church in Spain under Abdurrahman II. Civil position of ChristiansCouncilsNeglect of LatinArabic compulsory Protests of Alvar, etc.Latin forgottenCultivation of Moslem learningMoslem theologyChurch abusesSimonyBreach of canons Unworthy priestsRival pastorsHeresy in the ChurchDepravity of clergyTheir apostasyTheir depositionMuzarabesFree Christians in the NorthThe Church in the NorthIts dangerous positionCut short by AlmanzorClergy oppress ChristiansCount of CordovaIll-treats the ChristiansCouncilsHeld by ElipandusBy ReccafredusBy HostegesisJews and Moslems summonedCouncil held by Basilius ...... 73-86

Khalifate saved by Abdurrahman III.Commander of the FaithfulHis characterEmbassy to the Emperor of the WestReturn embassyJohn of GorzDetained in CordovaMessengers from the kingCause of detentionJohn of Gorz and John of CordovaThe king's threatsDead-lock Fresh embassy to OthoA second embassy from OthoFirst embassy receivedCondescension of SultanTolerance of Moslems Mohammed's injunctionsTolerant Mohammedan rulers elsewhere AlcuinArnold of CiteauxBernard, Archbishop of ToledoChristians tolerated, even encouraged"Officer of protection"Christian courts CensorsSclavonian bodyguardArab pride of racePartial Amalgamation of racesAlliances between Arabs and ChristiansIntermarriages Offspring of theseThe maiden tributeEvidence in its favourNo mythConversionsMohammedan view of apostasy ...... 86-98

Arab factionsBerbersSpaniardsMuwalladsDespised by ArabsRevolts at Cordova, &c.Intrigues with the FranksLetter of LouisRevolt of ToledoChristians and Muwallads make common causeOmar Begins life as a banditCapturedEscapesHeads the national party Becomes a ChristianUtterly defeatedMuwallads desert himDeath of OmarStronghold of Bobastro capturedEnd of rebellionChristians under Abdurrahman III.AlmanzorAnarchyEnd of KhalifateKnowledge of Christianity and Mohammedanism slight among those of the opposite creedChristian writers on IslamEulogiusMohammed's relation to ChristianityAlvarUnfair to MohammedHis ignorance of the Koran Prophecy of Daniel.Moslem knowledge of ChristianityMistaken idea of the TrinityIbn HazmSt James of Compostella ...... 98-114

Traces of amalgamation of religionsInstances elsewhereEssential differences of Islam and ChristianityCompromise attemptedInfluence of Islam, over ChristianityInnovating spirit in SpainHeresy in SeptimaniaIts possible connection with MohammedanismMigetian heresy as to the TrinityIts approach to the Mohammedan doctrineOther similar heresiesAdoptionismOur knowledge of itWhence derivedConnection with IslamIts author or authorsProbably ElipandusHis opponentsHis characterIndependenceJealousy of the Free Church in the NorthNature of AdoptionismNot a revival of NestorianismOrigin of the nameArose from inadvertenceFelixHis argumentsAlcuin's answersChrist, the Son of God by adoptionUnity of Persons acknowledgedFirst mention of theoryAdrian-Extension of heresyIts opponentsFelix amenable to Church disciplineElipandus under Arab ruleCouncilsOf NarbonneFriuliRatisbonFelix abjures his heresyAlcuinCouncil of FrankfortHeresy anathematized Councils of Rome and AixFelix again recantsAlcuin's bookElipandus and Felix die in their errorSummary of evidence connecting adoptionism with MohammedanismHeresy of Claudius-Iconoclasm Libri CaroliniClaudius, bishop of TurinCrusade against image-worshipHis opponentsArgumentsIndependenceSummoned before a CouncilRefuses to attendAlbigensian heresy ...... 114-136