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Clive McClelland - Ombra: Supernatural Music in the Eighteenth Century

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Ombra is the musical language employed when a composer wishes to inspire awe and terror in an audience. Clive McClellands Ombra: Supernatural Music in the Eighteenth Century explores the large repertoire of such music, focusing on the eighteenth century and Mozart in particular. He discusses a wide range of examples drawn from theatrical and sacred music, eventually drawing parallels between these features and Edmund Burkes sublime of terror, thus placing ombra music in an important position in the context of eighteenth-century aesthetic theory

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Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in endnotes to refer to music available in standard complete editions and other collections. Several examples are also available online.

DmVDrammaturgia musicale Veneta, Milan: Ricordi, 1983.
DTDenkmler Tonkunst in sterreich, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1959 .
ECNRSEdition Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1987.
EECMEarly English Church Music. London: Stainer and Bell, 1963.
FOSECFrench Opera in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, New York: Pendragon Press, 1984 .
GHSGerman Handel Society, Ridgewood: Gregg Press, 1965.
GIOGarland Italian Opera, New York and London: Garland, 1977
GSWGluck Smtliche Werke, Kassel: Brenreiter, 1951 .
HHAHallische Handel Ausgabe, Kassel: Brenreiter, 1955 .
HPMSOHarvard Publications in Music: Scarlatti Operas, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975 .
JCBCWJohann Christian Bach Collected Works, New York: Garland, 1985 .
JHWJoseph Haydn Werke, Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1968 .
KASSKritische Ausgabe Smtlicher Symphonien, Vienna: Universal Edition, 1963-68.
MBMusica Britannica, London: Stainer and Bell, 1951 .
MMSMonumenta Musicae Svecicae, Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell, 1960.
NMANeue Mozart Ausgabe smtlicher Werke, Kassel: Brenreiter, 1955 .
OCJBLOeuvres Complte de J. B. Lully, New York: Broude Brothers, 1966-72.
PSEPurcell Society Edition, London: Stainer & Bell, 1878 .
SKBSddeutscher Kirchenmusik in Barock, Altotting: Alfred Coppenrath, 1979.
TMWTelemann Musikalische Werke, Kassel: Brenreiter, 1950 .
About the author

Clive McClelland is Principal Teaching Fellow at the University of Leeds, West Yorkshire. After graduating from Birmingham University in 1981, Clive was a schoolteacher for several years, and has taught in a comprehensive school in Essex, an independent school in Harrogate and a sixth form college in Leeds. He taught part-time at Leeds University while completing his PhD thesis and is now a full-time member of staff. He specialises in harmony, counterpoint and analysis and his interest in historically-informed performance is pursued principally through his role as choral director of Leeds Baroque.

His publications include: Haydn and the Elements: Symbolic references in the oratorios, Haydn Society Journal 15 (1995), 18-27; the entry on Ombra in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: MacMillan, 2000) vol. xviii, 407-8; Death and the Composer: The context of Schuberts Supernatural Lieder, in ed. B. Newbould Schubert the Progressive: History, Performance Practice and Analysis (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); Shadows of the evening: New light on Elgars dark saying, Musical Times vol. 148 no. 1901 (Winter 2007), 43-48. He is contributing a chapter to the forthcoming The Oxford Handbook of Topic Theory, edited by Danuta Mirka, on ombra in relation to Sturm und Drang.

Appendix A
A taxonomy of ombra characteristics
General featureshigh style, sombre, sustained, not quasi-improvisatory
Temposlow or moderate, never fast
Tonalityflat keys (especially minor keys) occasionally remote, shifting, unusual modulations
Harmonysurprise progressions, bold, chromatic especially diminished 7ths, sometimes Neapolitan and augmented sixths
Melodyexclamatory, often fragmented, sometimes augmented/diminished leaps, occasionally narrow intervals contrasting with wide leaps, monotones/triadic lines for oracles and invocations
Basschromatic stepwise movement, descending tetrachord, sometimes augmented/diminished leaps, repeated notes, pedals, ostinato
Figurationmotivic repetition (including sigh motifs), tremolo effects, sometimes rising and falling scales
Rhythmrestless motion, syncopation, majestic or ponderous dotted rhythms, sometimes dactyls/versi sdruccioli, pauses
Texturesudden contrasts, often dense, sometimes lines doubled in octaves, rarely imitative
Dynamicsstrong contrasts, sudden outbursts, crescendo effects, unexpected silence
Instrumentationunusual, low tessitura, dark timbre, especially trombones
Appendix B
Correspondences between Burkes sources of the Sublime and ombra characteristics
TerrorRestless rhythmic movement and tremolando effects
ObscurityShifting harmony and chromaticism
PowerLoud, full texture, strong dynamic contrasts
PrivationSilences and pauses
VastnessRepeated notes, stepwise progressions, ostinati
DifficultyComplex rhythms and harmonies
MagnificenceHigh style, dotted rhythms
LoudnessLoud dynamics
SuddennessSforzati, sudden dynamic contrasts, surprise chords
IntermittingLow sounds, dark timbres, pedal notes
Bibliography

Abert, Hermann. Niccol Jommelli als Opernkomponist. Halle: M. Niemeyer, 1908.

. Mozarts Don Giovanni. Trans. Peter Gellhorn. London: Da Capo Press, 1976.

Adams, Stan R. The Use of Trombones to Depict Infernal and Horrendous Scenes in Three Representative Operas. Journal of the Internatinal Trombone Association, vol. 9 (1981), 1620.

Agawu, V. Kofi. Playing with Signs. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

. Topic Theory: Achievement, Critique, Prospects. In Passagen IMS Kongress Zrich 2007. Edited by Laurenz Ltteken and Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen, 3869. Kassel: Brenreiter, 2008.

Alison, Archibald. Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste. London & Edinburgh, 1790, repr. Olms: G. Hildesheim, 1968.

Allanbrook, Wye J. Rhythmic Gesture in Mozart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Anderson, Emily, ed. The Letters of Mozart and his Family. 3d ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985.

Angiolini, Gasparo. Lettere di Gasparo Angiolini a Monsieur Noverre sopra i balli pantomimi. Milan: G. B. Bianchi, 1773.

Anthony, James. French Baroque Music from Beaujoyeulx to Rameau. Portland: Amadeus Press, 1997.

Ashfield, Andrew, and Peter de Bolla, eds. The Sublime: A Reader in British Eighteenth-Century Aesthetic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Baillie, John. An Essay on the Sublime. London: for R. Dodsley, 1747.

Baines, Anthony C., Arnold Myers, and Trevor Herbert. Trombone. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan, 2001. vol. xxv: 762773.

Baker, Felicity. The Figures of Hell in the Don Giovanni libretto. In Words about Mozart: Essays in Honour of Stanley Sadie. Edited by D. Link and J. Nagley, 77106. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005.

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