Karen O Bruhns - Faking the Ancient Andes

For
T.W. and E.M.K.
And all our colleagues
who have generously contributed their time and resources
to this project

KAREN O. BRUHNS
NANCY L. KELKER

First published 2010 by Left Coast Press, Inc.

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Copyright 2010 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

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Bruhns, Karen Olsen.

Faking the ancient Andes / Karen O. Bruhns, Nancy L. Kelker.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-59874-394-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)

ISBN 978-1-59874-395-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Indian artAndes Region. 2. Forgery of antiquitiesAndes Region. 3. Art forgeriesAndes Region. 4. Art, Andean. 5. Indians of South AmericaAndes RegionAntiquities. I. Kelker, Nancy L. II. Title.

F2230.1.A7B78 2010

980.01dc22

200903662

ISBN 978-159874-394-4 hardcover
ISBN 978-159874-395-1 paperback

N o book is simply the product of its authors; we all rely on our friends and colleagues to help us out with data, illustrations, and moral support. We would like to thank the following people, all of whom materially assisted in the genesis and realization of this book.

Mr. Michael Baggarly, Department of Art, Middle Tennessee State University

Dr. Elizabeth Benson, Institute of Andean Studies

Ms. Pamela Bonham, University of Kansas

Dr. James Burton, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Dr. Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff, Procalima Foundation

Dr. Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per

Dr. Anita Cook, Catholic University of America

Mr. Warren Cook, editor, Ancient American

Sr. Ivn Cruz Ceballos, Quito

Sr. Juan Crespo and Doa Eulalia Vintimilla de Crespo, Cuenca, Ecuador

Dr. Carrie L. Dennett, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary

Dr. Kevin Downs, School of Agribusiness and Agriscience, Middle Tennessee State University

Sr. Zenn Gallegos Ramrez, Nasca, Peru

Dr. Clayton Haris, Department of Geosciences, Middle Tennessee State University

Dr. David P. Hatch, Professor Emeritus of Art, San Jos State University

Sr. Jhony Hernndez, Laboratorio de Arqueologa, Museo Universitario, Universidad de Antioquia

Dr. John Hoopes, University of Kansas

Dr. Patricia Knobloch, California State University, San Diego

Dr. Antti Korpisaari, University of Helsinki

Dr. Carl Henrick Langebaek Rueda, University of the Andes, Bogot

Dr. Ronald Lippi, University of Wisconsin, Marathon Center

Dr. Carlos Lpez and Dr. Martha Cano Echeverra, Environmental Studies, Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira (Colombia)

Dr. Patricia Lyon, Institute of Andean Studies

Dr. Margaret MacLean, U.S. Department of State

Dr. Krzysztof Makowski, Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per

Dr. Geoffrey McCafferty, University of Calgary

Dr. Lynn A. Meisch, St. Marys College, Moraga, California

Dr. Virginia Miller, University of Illinois, Chicago Circle

Dra. Mariana Mould de Pease, INPC, Peru

Dr. Oscar White Muscarella, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Mr. Carl Nagin

Dr. Frank Norick

Sr. Presley Norton

Dr. Santiago Ortiz Aristizbal, Museo Universitario, Universidad de Antioquia

Dr. Joanne Pillsbury, Director, Pre-Columbian Studies, Dumbarton Oaks

Ms. Nancy Porter, Institute of Andean Studies

Dr. Donald Proulx, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Mr. Mark Rasmussen, Rare Collections, Stillwater, Minnesota

Dr. Raphael X. Reichert, Fresno State University

Ms. Ann Pollard Rowe

Dr. Ernesto Salazar, Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Ecuador

Dr. Douglas Sharon, Director Emeritus, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology

Dr. Michael Snarskis, CATIE, Costa Rica

Dr. Charles Stanish, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles

Dr. Karen E. Stothert

Mrs. Angela Wilcoxson

Special thanks to Ms. Sher Fick for research, illustrations, and masks, and above all to Tom Weller for computer help and rescue, material help with the production of final illustrations, and taking on the onerous task of indexing. And also many, many thanks to the anonymous colleagues who were an enormous help and contributed objects for drawing or photography along with valuable information concerning those objects and their acquisition, but who, for reasons of wishing to stay employed, do not want it known that they assisted us. We would also like to thank those museums and galleries kind enough to let us use photographs of their iffy pieces: Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC; The Textile Museum, Washington, DC; National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of World Culture, Gothenburg; The Museo de Amrica, Madrid; Museo Universitario, Universidad de Antioquia; and the Department of Environmental Studies, Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira.

O riginally we planned a single comprehensive volume dealing with fakes, forgeries, and forgers from all across the ancient Americas, but as the project neared completion, it became evident that the scope of the problem of false antiquities and their counterfeiters was much larger than could be dealt justice in a single book; Mesoamerica and the Andes required their own separate volumes. Faking the Ancient Andes, like its companion volume on Mesoamerica, is an in-depth look at forgeries of ancient South American art, the history of this industry in the Andes, materials and techniques of manufacture specific to this region, and of course, the South American master artisans who produce the goods sold by dealers around the world as authentic antiquities.