OBAMA, THE MEDIA, AND FRAMING THE
U.S. EXIT FROM IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN
Obama, the Media, and Framing the U.S. Exit from Iraq and Afghanistan
ERIKA G. KING
Grand Valley State University, USA
First published 2014 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Copyright 2014 Erika G. King
Erika G. King has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
King, Erika G.
Obama, the media, and framing the U.S. exit from Iraq and Afghanistan / by Erika G. King.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4094-2964-7 (hardback) 1. Iraq War, 2003-2011--Mass media and the war. 2. Iraq War, 2003-2011--Press coverage--United States. 3. Afghan War, 2001---Mass media and the war. 4. Afghan War, 2001---Press coverage--United States. 5. Rhetoric--Political aspects--United States. 6. Obama, Barack--Oratory. I. Title.
DS79.767.M37K57 2014
70.4'4995670443--dc23
2013023960
ISBN 9781409429647 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315598635 (ebk)
Contents
Acknowledgments
This project would not have been possible without the aid and support of a number of people to whom I would formally like to express my gratitude. For almost two decades, I have had the pleasure of working at a university that places much value on faculty scholarship. I therefore offer thanks to the Department of Political Science, the Office of the Dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the Office of the Provost at Grand Valley State University for granting me a sabbatical leave of absence with which to pursue my research. I also give heartfelt thanks to Professor Robert Wells, with whom I collaborated on an earlier analysis of President Bush, the media, and the Iraq War endgamework which laid the groundwork for the present study.
I am also much indebted to the talented and hardworking staff of Ashgate Publishingespecially Senior Commissioning Editor for Politics Rob Sorsby, Senior Editor Aime Feenan, and their teamwho have provided invaluable editorial advice, guidance, and assistance. I appreciate in addition the incisive comments and suggestions of two anonymous reviewers.
My greatest debt is to my husband, Robert, whose patience, kindness, and ever-ready sense of humor have enabled me to keep everything in perspective. It is to him that I am honored to dedicate this book.
Introduction
Ten years and ten days after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President Barack Obama addressed world leaders at the opening session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York City, just a few miles from where the Twin Towers had been brought down on that fateful morning. His stated topic was the pursuit of peace in an imperfect world scarred by strife and human suffering. Peace is hard, he repeatedly emphasized, and progress toward it had all too frequently been derailed. But urging his audience to do their utmost to attain that noble goal, Obama (2011a) proudly declared that under his watch the tide of war is receding and the two conflicts he had inherited were drawing to a close. By the end of the year, he announced, the final American troops would cross the border out of the sovereign nation of Iraq, and an increasingly capable Afghan government and security forces would begin to assume responsibility for their own future.
The decade that had preceded his remarks had been a most difficult one, Obama acknowledged, but 2011 had been a remarkable year of transformation as people from South Sudan to the Ivory Coast, Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya had risen up to claim those universal rights embraced by this Assembly. And Osama bin Laden was also gone, and with him had been buried the idea that change could only come through violence. Obama cautioned that in a world still facing dangerous convulsions, there was much yet to accomplish in pursuit of individual liberty and well-being. But even amid calls for change in places like Iran, Syria, and the West Bank, we had reason to hope that for increasing numbers around the globe, basic aspirationsto live with dignity and freedom; to get an education and pursue opportunity; to love our families and our God. To live in the kind of peace that makes life worth livingcould now be met (Obama 2011a).
One month later, Obama reaffirmed the removal of all American forces from Iraq by the end of 2011, casting the decision as the fulfillment of his solemn campaign pledge to bring the war to a responsible conclusion for the sake of our national security and to strengthen American leadership around the world. Again Obama noted that the end of the Iraq conflict reflected a broader U.S. military disengagement, and he once more proclaimed that the tide of war is receding as Qaddafis death the previous day marked the imminent closure of NATO operations in Libya and troop withdrawals from Afghanistan would soon mean a transition to Afghan leadership. And finally, he was pleased to report, after a decade of war the United States could shift focus and concentrate on its greatest remaining challenge: domestic economic renewal. The nation that we need to buildand the nation that we will buildis our own, he vowed; an America that sees its economic strength restored just as weve restored our leadership around the globe (Obama 2011b).
In remarks at Arlington National Cemetery on Veterans Day, Obama continued his message of wars denouement, presenting it through the prism of the hard work and heroic sacrifices of the thousands of military personnel who had served in Americas twenty-first-century conflicts. As he admiringly observed, Their service has been selfless. Their accomplishments have been extraordinary Because of their incredible efforts, we can stand here and say with confidence the tide of war is receding (Obama 2011c). The following month in a speech to returning troops at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the president warmed to this theme, declaring that one of the most extraordinary chapters in the history of the American military had finally come to an end. And the man who had risen to national prominence so roundly condemning the U.S. engagement in Iraq would now hail the accomplishments of its fighting forces in both wars as a triumph of the exceptional American character and spirit. Speaking directly to the veterans and their families, Obama offered this paean to theirand by extension, Americasselflessness, virtue, and resolve:
Because of youbecause you sacrificed so much for a people that you had never met, Iraqis have a chance to forge their own destiny. Thats part of what makes us special as Americans. Unlike the old empires, we dont make these sacrifices for territory or for resources. We do it because its right. There can be no fuller expression of Americas support for self-determination than our leaving Iraq to its people. That says something about who we are.