Albert Ernest Jenks - The Bontoc Igorot

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Group of prominent men, Bontoc pueblo.

Photo by Jenks.

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Department of the Interior, The Ethnological Survey ,

Manila, February 3, 1904.

Sir : I have the honor to submit a study of the Bontoc Igorot made for this Survey during the year 1903. It is transmitted with the recommendation that it be published as Volume I of a series of scientific studies to be issued by The Ethnological Survey for the Philippine Islands.

Respectfully,

Albert Ernst Jenks,

Chief of The Ethnological Survey.

Hon. Dean C. Worcester , Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. Page 5

• Letter of Transmittal
• Illustrations
• Preface
• Introduction
• The Igorot Culture Group
  • Igorot land
  • Igorot peoples
• The Bontoc Culture Group
  • Bontoc culture area
  • Marks of Bontoc culture
  • The Bontoc man
    • Introduction
    • Historical sketch
    • Somatology
• General Social Life
  • The pueblo
    • Ato
  • The family
    • Childbirth
    • Twins
    • Abortion
    • Child
    • Life in olag
    • Marriage
    • The aged
  • Sickness, disease, and remedies
  • Death and burial
• Economic Life
  • Production
    • Natural production
    • Cultural production
    • Division of labor
    • Wages, and exchange of labor
  • Distribution
    • Theft
    • Conquest
  • Consumption
    • Foods
    • Beverages
    • Salt
    • Sugar
    • Meals and mealtime
  • Transportation
  • Commerce
    • Barter
    • Sale
    • Medium of exchange
    • Measure of exchange value
    • Standard of value
    • Trade routes
    • Trade languages and traders
    • Stages of commerce
  • Property right
    • Personal property of individual
    • Personal property of group
    • Real property of individual
    • Real property of group
    • Public property
    • Sale of property
    • Rent, loan, and lease of property
  • Inheritance and bequest
  • Tribute, tax, and rake off
• Political Life and Control
  • Crimes, detection and punishment
• War and Head-Hunting
• sthetic Life
  • Dress
  • Decoration
    • Tattoo
  • Music
    • Instrumental music
    • Vocal music
  • Dancing
  • Games
  • Formalities
• Religion
  • Spirit belief
  • Exorcist
  • Lumawig, the Supreme Being
  • Changers in religion
  • Priesthood
  • Sacred days
  • Ceremonials
    • Ceremonies connected with agriculture
    • Ceremonies connected with climate
    • Ceremonies connected with head taking
    • Ceremony connected with ato
• Mental Life
  • Actual knowledge
    • Mensuration
  • Folk tales
    • The sun man and moon woman; or, origin of head-hunting
    • Origin of coling, the serpent eagle
    • Origin of tilin, the ricebird
    • Origin of kaag, the monkey
    • Origin of gayyang, the crow, and fanias, the large lizard
    • Owug, the snake
    • Who took my fathers head?
• Language
  • Introduction
  • Alphabet
  • Linguistic inconsistencies
  • Nouns
    • Pronouns
  • Verbs
  • Comparative vocabularies
  • Bontoc vocabulary
    • English, with Bontoc equivalent
• Plates

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• Group of prominent men, Bontoc pueblo
• Sketch map of the Philippine Archipelago
• Sketch map of northern Luzon
• Sketch map of Bontoc culture area
• Section of the last long climb from Cervantes to Bontoc
• Tilud pass, east side
• A glimpse of Igorot land
• Ba-lu-gan pueblo surrounded by rice sementeras
• Pueblo of Sagada
• The entrance to Bontoc pueblo
• Ku-lo-ku-lo of Mayinit pueblo
• O-gang-ga of Samoki pueblo
• Ku-lo-ku-lo of Mayinit pueblo
• Bon-gao of Alap pueblo
• Bo-da-da of Samoki pueblo
• U-dao of Bontoc pueblo
• Young woman of Bontoc pueblo
• Zag-tag-an of Bontoc pueblo
• Ka-nay-u of Bontoc pueblo
• Lang-sa of Bontoc pueblo
• St-li-nn of Bontoc pueblo
• Pt-ta-pt of Bontoc pueblo
• Girls of Bontoc pueblo
• Blind woman of Bontoc pueblo
• Blind Ta-u-li of Samoki pueblo
• Deformed feet of Bontoc men
• Bontoc pueblo viewed from Samoki
• Samoki pueblo viewed from Bontoc
• Plat of Bontoc pueblo, showing ato divisions
• Plat of section of a-to Si-pa-at
• Pa-ba-fu-nan of a-to Fi-lg
• Fa-wi of a-to Si-pa-at
• Fa-wi of a-to Cho-ko
• O-lg
• Bontoc dwelling, the fay-
• Timbers for a building seasoning in the mountains
• Fay- showing open door
• Bontoc dwelling, the Kat-yu-fong, a widow's house, showing pigpens which extend beneath it
• In the shade of the low, projecting roof
• The mother who has come down with her babe on her back for an olla of water
• The baby tenders
• Sam-kads' death chair
• Pine coffins
• The burial of Som-kad
• Bg-ti with his wild-cock snare
• Wire cock snare set, with lure cock in center
• Wild-cat caught in the snare kok-o-lng
• The bird snare Lng-ang. (Snare set.) (Snare sprung.)
• Trap fishing
• Emptying the fish trap
• Fisherman examining his ob-o-fu
• Rice sementeras at transplanting season
• Banawi rice sementeras
• A terrace wall
• Women weeding a terrace wall at soil-turning season
• Partial view of Bontoc irrigating works
• The main dam, showing irrigation troughs beyond
• River irrigation scheme
• Irrigating ditch which feeds the troughs secured to the mountain side shown at the left
• Turning the soil in a water-filed sementera, showing women transplanting rice
• Mud-spattered soil turners
• Soil turners tramping the turned soil smooth and soft
• Bontoc camote beds
• Men crossing the river with pig manure to fertilize the rice sementeras
• Woman digging her final camote crop and working dead grass beneath the soil for fertilizer
• The rice seed beds at transplanting time, with granaries immediately beyond
• Women transplanting rice
• The bird scarers, Ki-lao, floating over a field of ripening rice
• An outlook to guard against wild hogs
• Harvesting the rice
• Two harvesters
• Camote harvest
• Rice granaries
• Bunches of palay curing on the roof of a dwelling
• Granaries
• Carrying home the camotes
• Philippine carabaos
• Bontoc pigpens
• Cage in which fowls are shut at night
• Hats and headband