THE GILDED AGE AND PROGRESSIVE ERA
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THE GILDED AGE AND PROGRESSIVE ERA
A Historical Exploration of Literature
Wendy Martin and Cecelia Tichi
HISTORICAL EXPLORATIONS OF LITERATURE
Copyright 2016 by ABC-CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Martin, Wendy, 1940- author. | Tichi, Cecelia, 1942 author.
Title: The Gilded Age and Progressive era: a historical exploration of literature / Wendy Martin and Cecelia Tichi.
Description: Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2016. | Series: Historical explorations of literature | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015039446| ISBN 9781610697637 (hardback: acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781610697644 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: American literature19th centuryHistory and criticism. | American literature20th centuryHistory and criticism. | Literature and historyUnited StatesHistory 19th century. | Literature and historyUnited StatesHistory 20th century. | United StatesIntellectual life19th century. | United StatesIntellectual life20th century.
Classification: LCC PS214 .M39 2016 | DDC 810.9/004dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039446
ISBN: 978-1-61069-763-7
EISBN: 978-1-61069-764-4
20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5
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Contents
The Historical Explorations of Literature series is designed to help students to understand key works of American literature by putting them in the context of history, society, and culture through historical context essays, literary analysis, chronologies, primary source documents, and suggestions for further research. Each volume in the series covers four or five canonical works related to a particular area of American literaturesignificant literary productions of the Jazz Age or the Harlem Renaissance, for example. For each title covered, students will find a brief synopsis of the work; separate essays on the works historical background and the authors biographical background; an essay on Why We Read This Work, summarizing the works enduring value and significance; and a series of thematic Historical Explorations that include a selection of related primary documents.
1865 | The Civil War ends when General Robert E. Lee, commander-in-chief of all Confederate forces, surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, Virginia, Court House on April 9. |
1866 | Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, receiving patent in 1867. |
1867 | Mark Twain publishes story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, which brings him national attention. |
1869 | The First Transcontinental Railroad is completed at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory when the Union Pacific Railroad joins the Central Pacific Railroad. |
1870 | Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified, establishing the right to vote by all male citizens regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. |
Standard Oil Company of Ohio, with a capitalization of $1 million, is formed by John D. Rockefeller. |
1871 | The Great Chicago Fire (October 811) claims 250 lives and destroys 17,500 buildings. Rumors persist that the cause was a barn lantern toppled by Irish immigrant Mrs. OLearys cow. |
1872 | Susan B. Anthony tests the Fourteenth Amendment on November 5 by leading a group of women to cast ballots in the presidential election. She is arrested, found guilty, and fined $100. |
1873 | Immigrants to the United States number nearly 460,000. |
A stock market crash of September 18 triggers an economic depression that continues until 1879. Some 5,183 businesses fail. |
1874 | The Womens Christian Temperance Union is founded, a major proponent of Prohibition. |
1875 | Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1875, guaranteeing equal access to public accommodations and places of public amusement. It also forbids the exclusion of African Americans from jury duty. |
1876 | The International Centennial Exposition of the United States is held in Philadelphia to celebrate the nations centennial of the Declaration of Independence. Almost 10 million visitors marvel such machines as the Corliss engine. |
1877 | Railroad Strike of 1877: When wages are cut during the 1870s depression, workers of the Baltimore& Ohio Railroad walk off the job at Martinsburg, West Virginia, initiating a violent strike that paralyzes rail service East to West until President Hayes summons federal troops to quell the 45-day walkout. Journalists compare the upheaval to Civil War battles. |
1878 | The first bicycles, called wheels, are manufactured in the United States. |
1879 | Congress grants woman attorneys the right to argue cases before the Supreme Court. |
Thomas A. Edison demonstrates incandescent lamps. |
Henry George publishes Progress and Poverty . |
1880 | Jim Crow laws, racial segregation, widespread lynching. |
U.S. population is 50,100,100. |
U.S. railroad mileage increased 300 percent from 1860. |
Thomas Edison patents incandescent light bulb. |
1881 | Clara Barton founds the American Red Cross. |
Booker T. Washington founds Tuskegee Institute. |
Sir Joseph Swann invents first functional incandescent light bulb. |
1882 | Immigration Act and Chinese Exclusion Act are passed. |
Thomas Edisons Pearl Street Power Company powers New York. |
1883 | Pendleton Civil Service Act aims to reform corrupt civil service. |
Brooklyn Bridge is completed. |
1884 | First long-distance telecommunications service is built between New York and Boston. |
Construction begins on first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, in Chicago. |
Samuel S. McClure forms first newspaper syndicate. |
Sir Charles Parsons invents steam turbine. |
1885 | Alien Contract Labor Law restricts foreign contract labor. |
1886 | Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor. |
Anarchist bombing in Chicago leads to the Haymarket Riot. |