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Deborah Uman - Women as Translators in Early Modern England

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Deborah Uman Women as Translators in Early Modern England
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Women as Translators in Early Modern England offers a feminist theory of translation that considers both the practice and representation of translation in works penned by early modern women. It argues for the importance of such a theory in changing how we value womens work. Because of Englands formal split from the Catholic Church and the concomitant elevation of the written vernacular, the early modern period presents a rich case study for such a theory. This era witnessed not only a keen interest in reviving the literary glories of the past, but also a growing commitment to humanist education, increasing literacy rates among women and laypeople, and emerging articulations of national sentiment. Moreover, the period saw a shift in views of authorship, in what it might mean for individuals to seek fame or profit through writing. Until relatively recently in early modern scholarship, women were understood as excluded from achieving authorial status for a number of reasonstheir limited education, the belief that public writing was particularly scandalous for women, and the implicit rule that they should adhere to the holy trinity of chastity, silence, and obedience.

While this view has changed significantly, women writers are still understood, however grudgingly, as marginal to the literary culture of the time. Fewer women than men wrote, they wrote less, and their choice of genres seems somewhat impoverished; add to this the debate over translation as a potential vehicle of literary expression and we can see why early modern womens writings are still undervalued. This book looks at how female translators represent themselves and their work, revealing a general pattern in which translation reflects the limitations women faced as writers while simultaneously giving them the opportunity to transcend these limitations. Indeed, translation gave women the chance to assume an authorial role, a role that by legal and cultural standards should have been denied to them, a role that gave them ownership of their words and the chance to achieve profit, fame, status and influence.
Published by University of Delaware Press. Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press.

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Women as Translators in Early Modern England
Women as Translators in Early Modern England
Deborah Uman
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE PRESS
Newark

University of Delaware Press

2012 by Deborah Uman

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

Distributed by the University of Virginia Press

ISBN 978-1-64453-100-6 (paper)

ISBN 978-1-64453-101-3 (ebook)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Uman, Deborah, 1969

Women as translators in early modern England / Deborah Uman.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. LiteratureTranslations into EnglishHistory and criticism. 2. Women translatorsGreat BritainHistory16th century. 3. Women translatorsGreat BritainHistory17th century. 4. Translating and interpretingSex differencesGreat BritainHistory. 5. Translating and interpretingGreat BritainHistory. 6. LiteratureAdaptationsHistory and criticism. 7. AuthorshipGreat BritainHistory. 8. English literatureEarly modern, 15001700History and criticism. 9.Women and literatureGreat BritainHistory. 10. Feminist criticism. I. Title.

PR131.U43 2011

418'.040820942dc23

2012000474

Contents
Acknowledgements
1This Defective Edition: Gender and Translation
2Defending Translation
3Echoing Eve: Sacred Imitations and the Tradition of Womens Poetry
4Staging Translation
5Embodying the Translatress
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgements
This book began as a five-page paper in a first-semester graduate seminar taught by the incomparable Margaret Ferguson, and it is to her that I owe the deepest gratitude. For her enthusiasm regarding my rudimentary ideas about translation, her skilled direction of my dissertation, and her unflagging belief in the promise of this project throughout its many incarnations, my thanks are entirely inadequate, but I offer them nonetheless.
In the years that it took me to transform my little essay into a full-fledged book, many others have generously offered their help and guidance and it is my pleasure to have this chance to thank them. In its formative stages as a dissertation, Richard Halpern challenged my thinking at every level and forced me to be smarter in my entire approach to the topic. While my directors often offered feedback from afar, Katherine Eggert created and led a dissertation group on campus, and it is hard to imagine finishing the project without her efforts. Inspired by Katherines careful readings, my classmates at the University of Colorado, BoulderSara Morrison, Teresa Nugent, Rhonda Sanford and Laura Wilsonprovided valuable insights and equally valuable friendship. In this book I discuss the importance of communities of learned women, something I learned about firsthand as a member of this group. I would also like to thank Beth Robertson, Bruce Smith, and Chris Braider from my time in Boulder.
Despite its origins as a dissertation, this book barely resembles the work that is now gathering dust in my attic. Additional thanks go to those who have helped in the intervening years. Financial support from Eastern Connecticut State University and St. John Fisher College lightened my teaching responsibilities and gave me much needed time to write. My Rochester-area writing group, comprised of Melissa Bloom Bissonette, Steve Brauer, Babak Elahi, and Richard Santana, offered renewed support and motivation. In particular, Melissa has read, in some form or another, every part of this book, and it is her voice that I hear when striving to clarify my ideas and highlight my arguments.
While writing and revising, I presented sections of this project at numerous conferences where I received insightful feedback from so many. My thanks go to: Pamela Benson, Beln Bistu, Rosanne Denhard, Susan Felch, Rosemary Kegl, Erin Kelley, Ania Loomba, Catherine Loomis, Christina Malcolmson, Ken McNeil, Kathryn McPherson, Kathryn Moncrief, Susannah Monta, Helen Ostovich, Erin Sadlack, Mihoko Suzuki, Michelene White, Marion Wynne-Davies, and countless others whose names I apologize for omitting. A portion of chapter four first appeared as Wonderfullye astonied at the stoutenes of her minde: Translating Rhetoric and Education in Jane Lumleys The Tragedie of Iphigeneia in Kathryn McPherson and Kathryn Moncriefs collection Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2011), 5364. I would also like to thank the anonymous readers at the University of Delaware Press, one who generously gave me additional detailed advice in terms of revising for both style and substance, and did so with great tact and humor.
It is my great fortune to have found a position at a school that values teaching and scholarship. Although our library is small, our librarians, particularly those in the Interlibrary Loan department, made sure that size was never a problem. Moreover my department and colleagues at St. John Fisher College provide the kind of conviviality and intellectual stimulus one usually only dreams of finding.
It is also my good fortune to have a wonderfully supportive family. My parents, Judy and Henry Uman, are champions of education in general, and mine in particular. My daughters, Phoebe and Clara, have been enthusiastic attendees of summer camp, never objecting to the time I have spent on this book instead of with them. Their brother Jonah arrived at the end of the project and somehow allowed me to finish it. Finally, Michael Sander, who has perfected a two-minute synopsis of this book, has never let me give in to my doubts and misgivings, and for this I am especially grateful.
My initial title started with John Florios phrase for the female act of translation, this defective edition. I still think of this book as my defective edition, and I say this without the irony I assume Florio used. Reminding myself, as this book does, of the importance of collaboration, I recognize that this book is much better because of the help I have received. Its defects, however, remain entirely my own.
Chapter One
This Defective Edition
Gender and Translation
To my last Birth, which I held masculine, (as are all mens conceipts that are thier owne, though but by their collecting; and this was to Montaigne like Bacchus, closed in, or loosed from his great Iupiters thigh) I the indulgent father invited two right Honorable Godfathers, with the One of your Noble Ladyshippes to witnesse. So to this defective edition (since all translations are reputed femalls, delivered at second hand; and I in this serve but as Vulcan , to hatchet this Minerva from that Jupiters bigge braine) I yet at least a fondling foster-father, having transported it from France to England ; put it in English clothes; taught it to talke our tongue (though many-times with a jerke of the French jargon) would set it forth to the best service I might.
Interestingly, when Torquato Tasso compares his revised Gerusalemme Conquistata to his earlier Gerusalemme Liberata, he invokes the same image of Jupiter giving birth to Minerva, although he compares his second poem to Minerva and characterizes his first as a rebellious, possibly illegitimate son. In Tassos analogy, he becomes Jupiter by translating his own text, and he suggests that his daughter, though derivative, is superior to his corrupt son, at the very least for knowing who her true father or originator is.
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