Norman Davies - Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Forgotten Europe

The History of Half-Forgotten Europe

ALLEN LANE
an imprint of
PENGUIN BOOKS

ALLEN LANE

Published by the Penguin Group

Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL , England

Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA

Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3
(a division of Pearson Canada Inc.)

Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd)

Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia
(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)

Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India

Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
(a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd)

Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, 2196, South Africa

Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL , England

www.penguin.com

First published 2011

Copyright Norman Davies, 2011

The moral right of the author has been asserted

All rights reserved.

Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book

978-0-14-196048-7

. Carolingians and Bosonids

. The Burgundian succession

. Early rulers of Aragon: the House of Ramiro

. The House of Trastmara

. The Jagiellons

. The early Radziwis

. Hohenzollerns and Jagiellons

. The later Hohenzollerns, 17011918

. Counts of Savoy

. I Buonaparti: the Bonapartes

. Bourbon Borbn Borbone (the Bourbons)

. The Hanovers and the Wettins

. The British Saxe-Coburgs and Gothas

. Petrovi and Karadjeordjevi

. The Burial of Alaric. Woodcut, c. 1855, after a drawing by Eduard Bendemann (18111899) (akg-images)

. Clovis defeats Alaric III. Chalk lithograph by Nikolai D. Dmitrijeff Orenburgsky (18381898) after a painting by Friedrich Tshaus (18321885), 1875 (akg-images)

. The Book of Aneirin (National Library of Wales, Cardiff)

. The Arms of the City of Glasgow (Public Domain)

. Statue of William Wallace in Aberdeen, Scotland (Public Domain)

. The Rhinegold. Oil painting, 1859, by Peter von Cornelius (ullstein bild/AKG Pressebild)

. Dagobert Solidus (Public Domain)

. King Gontran of Bourgogne designates his nephew Childebert II as his successor, miniature from the Chronicles of France, printed by A. Verard, Paris, 1493 (hand-coloured print), French School, fifteenth century (Biblioteca Nazionale, Turin, Italy/Index/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Frederick I Barbarossa and his sons King Henry VI and Duke Frederick VI. Medieval illumination from the Chronic of the Guelphs, 11791191 (Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek Fulda, Germany)

. The Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, and his son Charles. From the Chronicles of Hainault. Rogier van der Weyden miniature, 1477 (Royal Library, Brussels)

. Charles the Bold (143377), duke of Burgundy (146777), from the Rules and Ordinances of the Order of the Golden Fleece (vellum) (British Library, London, UK/copyright British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Mary of Burgundy (14571482), oil on wood, attributed to Michael Pacher, 1490 (original in a private collection)

. Aljaferia Palace, Zaragoza (akg/Bildarchiv Monheim)

. Naples waterfront (detail). Painting, 1465, by Francesco Pagano. Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. (akg-images/ Erich Lessing)

. Petronila of Aragon and Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, oil on canvas 1634 (Prado Museum)

. Ferdinand the Catholic, king of Aragon, of Sicily, and of Castile-Leon, 14521516. Painting, contemporary copy after late-fifteenth-century painting by Michael Sittow (14691525). (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

. Isabella I, Queen of Castile, and Leon, 14511504. Painting, c. 1500, after Juan de Flandes, oil on wood (akg-images/Erich Lessing)

. The Battle of El Puig from the St George Altarpiece (copyright Victoria & Albert Museum, London)

. The Ladder of John Klimakos, icon, twelfth century, paint and gold leaf on panel (Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt/Ancient Art and Architecture Collection Ltd/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Siege of Constantinople, 1453 (original in the Bibliotheque National, Paris)

. Trakai Castle, Lithuania (akg-images/Volker Kreidler)

. Mir Castle, Belarus (Alex Zalenko)

. Barbara Radziwill (152051) c. 155356 (oil on copper), studio of Lucas Cranach the Younger (151586) (copyright Czartoryski Museum, Cracow, Poland/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Lithuanian Statutes (National Library, Warsaw)

. The Polish Plumb Cake, c. 1772 (engraving), John Lodge, (fl. 1782d. 1796) (private collection/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Portrait of Stanislas II Augustus, king of Poland (pastel on paper mounted on canvas), after Marcello Bacciarelli (17311818) (copyright Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. Summer afternoon in a Stetl in Galicia. c. 1900 (ullstein bild/ Imagno)

. A Hutsul man with horse, Poland (copyright RIA Novosti/ TopFoto)

. Grale men, Poland (Tatrzaskiego Parku Narodowego, Poland, with thanks to Mr Zbigniew adygin)

. Lww scene, c. 1900 (Public Domain)

. Emperor Joseph II wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece. Oil on canvas, Georg Weickert, eighteenth century (ullstein bild/Imagno)

. Franz Joseph (18301916), Austrian emperor (Mary Evans Picture Library)

. Curonian Spit, East Prussia, wandering dune and lagoon, 1934 (copyright ullstein bild/TopFoto)

. Marienburg, West Prussia. Castle of the Teutonic Order, from the northwest, c. 1930 (akg-images/Paul W. John)

. Detail from The Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko, oil on canvas, 1878 (National Museum in Warsaw)

. Tannenberg Memorial in 1934, on the occasion of the transfer of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburgs remains to the crypt. (ullstein bild/Imagno)

. The Prussian Homage by Jan Matejko, oil on canvas, 1882 (Wawel Museum, Krakw)

. Albrecht I von Hohenzollern, duke of Prussia, painting, 1522 (akg-images)

. Frederick I, King of Prussia (170113), colour print, 1890, after a watercolour by Woldemar Friedrich (akg images)

. Frederick William (16201688), the Great Elector, after an engraving of 1683 by Antoine Masson (TopFoto.co.uk)

. Hautecombe monastery on the western shore of Lake Bourget, lithograph (c. 1860?) by A. Cuvillier (akg-images)

. Bonneville, Savoy with Mont Blanc, by J. M. W. Turner (17751851) (private collection/photograph copyright Christies Images/The Bridgeman Art Library)

. The citizens of Chambry vote for annexation, summer 1860 (Mary Evans Picture Library)

. Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, king of Italy (copyright 2006 Alinari/TopFoto)