DK - Music: The Definitive Visual History

smithso nian THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL HISTORY

THE DEFINITIVE VISUAL HISTORY

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Sacred Chant Chants, mo des, an d early notation develop in Europe s cathedr als and monasteries . Minstrels and Trou badours Street entertainers and courtly musicians sing songs of unrequited love and political satire . MEDIEVA L INSTRUMENTS Writing Melody To h elp monks remember chant melodies, Guido of Arezzo invents the four -line stave . Zither and Ly re, S ackbut and Shawm In medieval society, mu sic accompanies dancing, banquets , and mystery plays . Islamic Music Diverse musical traditions develop across China, Africa, Spain, and the Middle East. ISLAMIC INSTRUMENTS Music in A ncient China Fro m military exercises and state functions to temples and teahouses , music plays a k ey role . Many V oices Accurate musical notation paves the w ay for richly layered, complex music for many parts . RENAISSANCE AND REFORMAT ION 1400 1600 Introduction and Time line Songs of Love The new polyphonic style inuences regional song traditions in F ran ce, G ermany, and Italy. EARL Y BEGINNINGS 60,000 BCE CE Introduction and Time line Man, the Music Maker With primitive instruments, ea rly humans pass on history and legends through music. Musics Cradle Musicians entertain courts and honor gods in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. A Philosophical V iew For Greek philosophers, mu sic and math hold the k ey to understanding the universe . Myth and T rag edy Tra gic choruses sing and musicians play at Ancient Greek music and drama competitions . ANCIENT INSTRUMENTS Sound the T rumpet Music rallies the Roman troops , e nlivens dinners and plays , and is played at ceremonies . MUSIC IN THE MIDDLE A GES 1400 Introduction and Time line T OUCAN BOOKS L TD Senior Editor Dorothy S tannard Editors John An drews, Camilla H allinan, Constance Novis Assistant Edito r David H att, Sop hie Lew isohn Senior Art Edi tor Thomas K eenes Picture Resear ch Sarah S mithies, Roland S mithies ( Luped) Indexer Marie Lo rimer This Am erican E dition, 2022 First American Edition, Published i n the Un ited St ates by DK Pub lishing 1450 Broadway , Su ite 801 , N ew Y or k, NY Copyr ight 201 3, 2022 Dor ling Kind ersley L imited DK, a D ivision o f Penguin R andom Ho use LL C 22 23 24 25 26 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001 328732Jul y/20 All ri ghts reserv ed. Without l imiting the rights under the cop yright r eserv ed above , no pa rt of this pu blication may be reproduced, stor ed in or introduc ed into a re trieval sy stem, or transmi tted, in any for m, or by any means (e lectroni c, mech anical, p hotocop ying, rec ording, or otherw ise) , wit hout the prior w ritten permission of the co pyright owner . Published i n Great Bri tain by Dorling K indersl ey Limit ed A cata log rec ord for this boo k is availa ble from the Li brary of Con gress. ISBN 97 8-0 -7 0-5 834-5 DK book s a re available at spe cial disc ounts when p urchased i n bulk for sales promotio ns, premiums, fund-r aising, or educationa l use. For details, contac t: D K Publishin g Speci al Marke ts, 1 Broadway, Suite 80 1, New Y or k, NY SpecialSa les@dk.com Printed a nd bound in China www. dk.com New Ph otography Gary Ombler , Ri chard Le eney SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES Senior Vice President Carol Le Blanc Director of Licensing Brigid F erraro Licensing Manager Ellen Nanney Project Development Manager Kealy Wi lson US Ed itors Jennette Elnagg ar, Heath er Wi lcox Senior Jack et De signer Suhita D haramjit DTP De signerss Rakesh Kumar, Mrinmoy Mazumdar Managing Editor Angeles Gavira Art Direct or Karen Se lf Senior Jack ets Coordin ator Priyanka S harma Sa ddi Production Controller Laura A ndrews Managing Art Edi tor Michael D uffy Associate Pub lishing Direct or Liz Wh eeler Publishing Direct or Jonathan M etcalf T OUCAN BOOKS L TD Senior Editor Julie Broo ke Consultant Nathan Hold er Assistant Edito r Benji Ha rtnel l-Booth Senior Art Edi tor Lee R iches Picture Resear ch Sharon So uthren Indexer Marie Lo rimer SECOND EDITION DORLING KINDERSLEY FIRST EDITION DORLING KINDERSLEY Editorial Tea m Megha G upta, R uth O Rourke- Jones, Vine etha Mokkil, Suefa Lee, Kaiya Shang, David Summers, Jill Hamilt on, Marg aret Par rish, R ebecca Warren Jacket Edi tor Manisha Majit hia Pre-Prod uction Producer Adam Ston eham Managing Editors Angeles Gavira, Rohan S inha Design Tea m Parul Gam bhir, An na Hall, Konica Junej a, Ka nika Mittal , Div ya P . R., Anuj Sharma, Shreya Anand Virmani Managing Art Edi tors Sudaksh ina Basu, Miche lle Bax ter DTP De signers Nand Ki shor Ac hary a, Ne eraj B hatia, N itya nand Kumar, Mrinmo y Mazumd ar, Bimlesh Tiw ari, Mohammed U sman This book was made with Fore st Stewardship Council certied paper one small step in DK s commitment to a sustainable futur e. For more information go to www. dk.com/our- green-pledge

Music Goes to Print New printing techniques make sheet music widely available , e ncouraging amateur players . The Rise of Instrumental Music Printing leads to a demand for new pieces, a nd more complex compositions emerge. Church Reform Congregations begin to sing in their own language, rather than silently listen ing to mass in Latin. GIOVA NNI PIERLUIGI DA PAL ESTRINA The Lute s Golden Age In the 16th century, the lute becomes popular for solos and for accompanying singers. THE LUTE The Madrigal Italian sonnets of love and loss are tak en up by composers , who set the emotions to music. CONSORT INSTRUMENTS An Iberian Flowering Sacred music ourishes in Spain and its colonies as diverse inuences come together . Ven etian Glories New styles emerge as composers rush to supply music for V enice s many civic occasions . THE BAROQUE SPIRIT 1600 1750 Introduction and Time line The Baroque Style An exuber ant, expressive new style emerges . The Birth of Opera Intellectuals and musicians in Florence merge stories from mythology and history with music, laying the foundations for opera. Oratorios and Cantatas New song styles emerge in Italyoratorios , Biblical stories spun into sung dramas , a nd dramatic secular songs called cantatas . Patrons a nd Composers Europe s monarchs and aristocr atic families support the arts on a lavish scale . THE V IOLIN ANT ONIO STRADIV ARI STRING INSTRUMENTS ANTONIO V IVA LDI The English Revival Music, suppressed under Oliver Cromwell , revives under King Charles II, and choirs and opera ourish. THE ORGAN Counterpoint and Fugue Composers combine strands of music into a complex, harmonious whole . JOHANN SEBASTIAN BA CH Sonatas, Suites, and Overtures Instrumental music grows in popularity, and new forms develop to be played by small ensembles. KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS Keyboard M aestros As ke yboard instruments evolve, co mposers write more technically demanding pieces. GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL Japanese T heater Instrumentalists and choirs accompany the actors or puppets in stage performances. THE CLASSICAL A GE 1750 1820 Introduction and Time line A New Clarity Composers begin to favor clear and balanced phrases over baroque complexity. The Orchestra The Duke of Mannheim has ambitions to found the greatest orchestra in Europe . I t is famed for its technique and special effects . The Sonata The new music-loving middle-class enjoys elegant works for soloist and ke yboard. ORCHESTRAL W OODWIND The Symphony T he innov ations of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert transform the symphony. JOSEPH HA YDN Playing Music A mong Friends Chamber music is a treasured pastime in Austrian homes and spreads across Europe. Age of Reason Enlightened principles of logic, structure , and clarity inspire a new style of composition. Oper a Comes Alive Composers attempt to humanize opera, leaving old formalities behind and focusing on the drama of individual char acters emotions . Choral Music Choirs begin to sing in concert halls as well as in church services. C omposers discover the dramatic potential of sacred texts . WOLFGANG A MADEUS MOZART The Concerto The pairing of soloist and orchestra develop into a popular and enduring format. THE PIANO LUDWIG V AN BEETHOVEN Bohemian Rhapsody In the 18th and 19th centuries, P rague becomes a hub of musical activity. NA TIONALISM AND ROMANCE 1820 1910 Introduction and Time line Beethovens Later W orks Beethoven writes works of restless passion. Age of Song Composers set poems to music, en hancing the lyrics with evocative harmonies and rhythms. FRANZ SCHUBERT Literary Links Myth, legend, and literature inspire Romantic operas , s ongs, an d program music. Expressive Piano In Europe s salons , expressive and technically brilliant miniatures for piano are in vogue . The V irtuosos Pag anini on violin and Liszt on piano dazzle audiences with their technique and style.