Wayne C. Thompson - Canada 2013

THE
WORLD
TODAY
SERIES

2 0 1 3

CANADA

WAYNE C. THOMSON

29TH EDITION

Making its debut as Canada 1985 , and annually revised, this book is published by

Stryker-Post Publications

An imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

4501 Forbes Blvd., Ste 200

Lanham, MD 20706

Copyright 2013 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, except for direct quotes with attribution, may not be reproduced without permission in writing from the publisher.

International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4758-0473-7

International Standard Serial Number: 08838135

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2011932750

Cover design by: nvision Graphic Design

Cartographer: William L. Nelson

Typography by Barton Matheson Willse & Worthington

Baltimore, MD 21244

Wayne C. Thompson

Prof. Thompson teaches politics at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. He is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the Virginia Military Institute, also in Lexington. Ohio State University (B.A. in Government); Claremont Graduate University (M.A. and Ph.D. with distinction). He did further graduate study at the University of Gttingen, Paris/Sorbonne and Freiburg im Breisgau, where he was subsequently a guest professor. He has studied and researched in Europe for many years as a Woodrow Wilson, Fulbright, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) and Alexander von Humboldt Fellow. The Canadian government, through its Embassy in Washington, awarded him a Faculty Enrichment Grant to do research in Canada. During the 19951996 academic year he was a Fulbright Professor in Tallinn, Estonia, and from 19992000 he was a visiting professor at the Air War College in Montgomery, Alabama. In 2001 he was a Fulbright Professor at the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, and Warsaw, Poland, and he continued for seven years to teach at that graduate institution. He has authored or edited ten books and many articles and book reviews on politics, history and political theory. He is currently writing a book on General George C. Marshall as Secretary of Defense.

The World Today Series has thousands of subscribers across the U.S. and Canada. A sample list of users who annually rely on this most up-to-date material includes:

Public library systems

Universities and colleges

High schools

Federal and state agencies

All branches of the armed forces and war colleges

National Geographic Society

National Democratic Institute

Agricultural Education Foundation

ExxonMobil Corporation

Chevron Corporation

CNN

Great Bear Lake, N.W.T. Courtesy: Michael J. Hewitt Vancouver: Canada Place, harborfront site of the Canada Pavilion at Expo 86

I wish to thank several institutions and individuals who helped me while I was preparing this book. The Canadian government, through its embassy in Washington, D.C., gave me a Faculty Enrichment Grant, which enabled me to spend an entire summer in Canada, conducting interviews and research in nine of the ten provinces, and especially in Ottawa and Quebec. The staff of the Canadian Embassy library in Washington was generous and helpful to me when I used their well-organized materials.

I thank the Liberal Party of Canada for arranging numerous interviews for me in Ottawa, providing me with many materials and inviting me to attend its leadership conference in June 1984. The former Progressive Conservative Party also gave me much useful material and kindly permitted me to attend its 1983 leadership conference. I discovered that one can learn more about Canadian politics in a few days of party congresses, at which the countrys prime minister and opposition leaders are chosen, than in months of library work abroad. The headquarters of the New Democratic Party in Ottawa welcomed me cordially. Its staff patiently answered my many questions and provided me with reading material which I found to be very beneficial. Too, it arranged my visit to its provincial office in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Finally, I am grateful to the staff at the party headquarters of the Parti Qubcois in Montreal for being so generous with its time and for providing me with reading and campaign materials, which I needed for this book.

Professors Richard Beach, Martin Lubin and the late Jeanne Kissner of the State University of New York, Plattsburgh, accepted me as a participant in several of its Annual Quebec Summer Seminars in Montreal and Quebec City in 1983. I thus had the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the changes which Quebec has experienced since the early 1960s and to discuss Quebecs future with them and with many political and opinion leaders, such as Lise Bissonnette, Robert Bourassa, Roch Carrier, Gerald Godin, Roger Landry and Henry Milner.

The Association of Canadian Studies in the U.S. (ACSUS) and the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern Associations of Canadian Studies helped me pursue my interest in Canada by sponsoring conferences at which I could familiarize myself with many diverse aspects of Canada which are not within my field of specialization. My former Canadian students at the College of Europe, Miriam Bekkouche, Jarrett Reckseidler and Denis Poirier, gave me good advice on Canadian politics. I am particularly grateful to Denis, who worked in the Privy Council Office in Ottawa, for sending me campaign materials, newspapers and results related to the 2004 and 2006 federal elections; I used these extensively in updating this book.

I would like to thank many unnamed Canadians whom we met in places as diverse as camp grounds, folk festivals and political rallies. Many of their insights, comments, opinions, and concerns have found their way into the lines of this book. Washington and Lee Universitys Office of Special Programs frequently invited me to give lectures to their travelers in Canada. These study tours enabled me to travel to the Canadian North and West, as well as to Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. I am grateful for these unique opportunities. I owe special thanks to Michael Nix from Mississauga, Ontario, who carefully read every word of this book to correct style and typographical errors. I thank my partner at Stryker-Post Publications, David T. Wilt, for getting many newer and better photographs for my three books in the World Today Series and for his help in many other aspects of my work.

Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Susie, and my two daughters, Juliet and Katie, for sharing my enthusiasm for Canada and for assuring me in many ways that my effort to prepare, write, and annually update this book is worthwhile.

W.C.T.

Lexington, Virginia, July 2013

Bilingual Canadian students at the College of Europe