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Jones Dan - The Wars of the Roses : the fall of the Plantagenets and the rise of the Tudors

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Jones Dan The Wars of the Roses : the fall of the Plantagenets and the rise of the Tudors
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The Wars of the Roses : the fall of the Plantagenets and the rise of the Tudors: summary, description and annotation

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The best-selling author of The Plantagenets traces the 15th-century civil wars that irrevocably shaped the British crown, particularly evaluating the roles of strong women including Margaret of Anjou, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort in shifting power between two ruling families. Includes six maps and four genealogies.
Abstract: The best-selling author of The Plantagenets traces the 15th-century civil wars that irrevocably shaped the British crown, particularly evaluating the roles of strong women including Margaret of Anjou, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort in shifting power between two ruling families. Includes six maps and four genealogies

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The Hollow Crown The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors DAN JONES - photo 1

The Hollow Crown

The Wars of the Roses and
the Rise of the Tudors

DAN JONES

For Jo Contents List of Illustrations Catherine de Valois funeral effigy - photo 2

For Jo

Contents
List of Illustrations

Catherine de Valois funeral effigy. Painted wood, 1437.
( Dean and Chapter of Westminster)

Henry VI. Oil on panel portrait by an unknown English artist, sixteenth century.
(Society of Antiquaries of London, UK/Bridgeman Images)

Margaret of Anjou. Illumination (detail) from the Shrewsbury Book, c.1445, British Library MS Royal 15 E.VI f. 2v.
( The British Library Board)

Edward IV. Oil on panel by an unknown English artist, c.1540.
(Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images)

Henry VII. Funeral effigy, Westminster Abbey, 1509.
( Dean and Chapter of Westminster)

Perkin Warbeck. Sanguine on paper, c.1495.
(Bibliothque municipale, Arras)

Knight being dressed for battle. Illumination from Ordinances of Armoury, Jousting, Sword and Axe Combat, and Chivalry, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS 775 f. 2v.
( 2014. Photo Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource/Scala, Florence)

Bosworth crucifix. Bronze crucifix, fifteenth century.
(Society of Antiquaries of London, UK/Bridgeman Images)

Edward IV. Tempera on vellum, illumination from Chronicle of the History of the World from Creation to Woden, with a Genealogy of Edward IV, Philadephia Free Library, MS Lewis E201 f. 1.
(Free Library of Philadelphia/Bridgeman Images)

Genealogy of Henry VI. Illumination from the Shrewsbury Book, c.1445, British Library MS Royal 15 E.VI f. 3.
(British Library/Robana via Getty Images)

Every effort has been made to trace or contact all copyright holders. The publishers would be pleased to rectify at the earliest opportunity any omissions or errors brought to their notice.

Maps
1 France and the Low Countries 2 England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century - photo 3

1. France and the Low Countries

2 England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century 3 Noble Landholdings in - photo 4

2. England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century

3 Noble Landholdings in England and Wales Genealogical Tables - photo 5

3. Noble Landholdings in England and Wales

Genealogical Tables
Note on Names Money and Distances The names of principal characters in this - photo 6
Note on Names Money and Distances The names of principal characters in this - photo 7
Note on Names Money and Distances The names of principal characters in this - photo 8
Note on Names, Money and Distances

The names of principal characters in this book have generally been modernised for the sake of familiarity and consistency. Thus Nevill becomes Neville, Wydeville becomes Woodville, Tudur becomes Tudor, and so on. Latin, French and archaic English sources have been translated or rendered into modern English except in a very few cases where original spellings have been maintained to illustrate a historical point.

Where particularly pertinent, sums of money have been translated into modern currencies with the assistance of the conversion tool at http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency/, which gives modern values for ancient, and also has a purchasing power function. Readers should be aware, however, that the conversion of monetary values across the centuries is a perilously inexact science, and that the figures given are for rough guidance only. As an approximation, 100 in 1450 would be worth 55,000 (or $90,000) today. The same sum would represent ten years salary for an ordinary English labourer in the mid-fifteenth century.

Where a distance between two places is given, it has usually been calculated using Google Maps Walking Directions, and thus tends to be calculated according to the fastest route via modern roads.

The family trees presented at the start of this book are designed to clarify the complex dynastic links described later in the text. For reasons of space and sense, these have been simplified. In some places, siblings have been placed out of order of age.

Who wot nowe that ys here

Where he schall be anoder yere?

ANON. (1445)

For Gods sake, let us sit upon the ground

And tell sad stories of the death of kings;

How some have been deposed; some slain in war,

Some haunted by the ghosts they have deposed;

Some poisond by their wives: some sleeping killd;

All murderd: for within the hollow crown

That rounds the mortal temples of a king

Keeps Death his court

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Richard II (c.1595)

Introduction: The Wars of the Roses?

At seven oclock in the morning on Friday 27 May 1541, within the precincts of the Tower of London, an old woman walked out into the light of a spring day. Her name was Margaret Pole. By birth, blood and lineage she was one of the noblest women in England. Her father, George duke of Clarence, had been the brother to a king and her mother, Isabel Neville, had in her time been co-heir to one of the greatest earldoms in the land. Both parents were now long gone, memories from another age and another century.

Margarets life had been long and exciting. For twenty-five years she had been the countess of Salisbury, one of only two women of her time to hold a peerage in her own right. She had until recently been one of the five wealthiest aristocrats of her generation, with lands in seventeen counties. Now, at sixty-seven ancient by Tudor standards she appeared so advanced in age that intelligent observers took her to be eighty or ninety.

Like many inhabitants of the Tower of London, Margaret Pole was a prisoner. Two years previously she had been stripped of her lands and titles by an act of parliament which accused her of having committed and perpetrated diverse and sundry other detestable and abominable treasons against her cousin, King Henry VIII. What these treasons were was never fully evinced, because in truth Margarets offences against the crown were more general than particular. Her two principal crimes were her close relation to the king and her suspicion of his adoption of the new forms and doctrines of Christian belief that had swept through Europe during the past two decades. For these two facts, the one of birthright and the second of conscience, she had lived within Londons stout, supposedly impervious riverside fortress, which bristled with cannon from its whitewashed central tower, for the past eighteen months.

Margaret had lived well in jail. Prison for a sixteenth-century aristocrat was supposed to be a life of restricted movement tempered by decent, even luxurious conditions, and she had been keen to ensure that her confinement met the highest standard. She expected to serve a comfortable sentence, and when she found the standards wanting, she complained. Before she was moved to London she had spent a year locked in Cowdray House in West Sussex, under the watch of the unenthusiastic William Fitzwilliam, earl of Southampton. The earl and his wife had found her spirited and indignant approach to incarceration rather tiresome and had been glad when she was moved on.

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