Daniel J. Decker - Challenges in the Conservation of Biological Resources: A Practitioners Guide

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Challenges in the Conservation of Biological Resources A Practitioner's Guide

Published in cooperation with the Renewable Resources Extension Program, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell Cooperative Extension, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University

Challenges in the Conservation of Biological Resources

A Practitioners Guide

Edited By
Daniel J. Decker , Marianne E. Krasny ,
Gary R. Goff , Charles R. Smith ,
and David W. Gross

Foreword by
Robert E. Jenkins and Laurance R. Jahn
Illustrated by Tamara Sayre

First published 1991 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1991 Taylor & Francis, except for Chapters 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, and 20, which are works of the U.S. government, and original illustrations, which are Tamara Sayre

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Challenges in the conservation of biological resources: a practitioners
guide / edited by Daniel J. Decker... [et al.].
p. cm.(WVSS in natural resources and energy management)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-8134-7
1. Biological diversity conservation. I. Decker, Daniel J.
II. Series.
QH75.C42 1991
333.95dc20 90-49979
CIP
Rev.

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01679-1 (hbk)

Contents

, Robert E. Jenkins and Laurance R. Jahn

, Daniel J. Decker

, Daniel J. Decker, Gary R. Goff, Marianne E. Krasny, Charles R. Smith, and David W. Gross

, Hal Salwasser

, J. Baird Callicott

, Thomas A. Gavin

, Stanley A. Temple

, Thomas R. Crow

, Robert P. Broob

, Barbara A. Knuth and Larry A. Nielsen

, Thomas A. Gavin

, Gary R. Goff

, Mark L. Shaffer

, Susan M. Haig and Lori H. Nordstrom

, Lynn A. Maguire

, Stephen D. DeGloria

, J. Michael Scott, Blair Csuti, and Frank Davis

, David W. Gross and Charles R. Smith

, Walter E. Bickford

, Greg Low

, Raymond P. Curran

, Robert Anderson, Kathleen Cramer, Stephen Lewis, Thomas Lyons, Robert Reinhardt, James Rich, and Karen Terbush

, Jeff Gersh and Roberta Pickert

, Jeffrey K. Keller

, Chandler S. Robbins

, Allen M. Peterson and Douglas G. Cerretani

, Eric K. Bollinger

, Robert E. Zaremba

, Rainer H. Broclce, Kent A. Gustafson, and Lloyd B. Fox

, Edwin H. Ketchledge

, Marianne E. Krasny

, William R. Mangun, Barbara A. Knuth, Jeffrey K. Keller, and Gary R. Goff

, Margaret C. Brittingham, Robert E. Chambers, and Marianne E. Krasny

, David W. Gross, Bruce T. Wilkins, Robert R. Quinn, and Andrew E. Zepp

, Charles R. Smith

1. ii

Guide

1. Tables
2. Figures

Saving biological species from extinction, first from overexploitation and later from the loss of habitat, has always been a central issue in conservation. As human population growth and adverse technological impacts increase, threats to species survival grow continuously. The actual rate of extinction now (1990s) unquestionably is the highest in the earth's history. Thus, the conservation of biological diversity, or biodiversity, has become the foremost concern of resource management.

If human population growth could be reversed and adverse impacts of technologies restrained, wild species could probably take care of themselves. Unfortunately, this issue seems to be beyond anyone's strength to resolve. Conservationists, therefore, are forced to see how many wild species and biotic communities can be sustained by what George Woodwell has called "world packing." Techniques and procedures available for designing more efficient approaches were the subjects of this timely symposium.

The audience addressed in this volume is made up primarily of professional land, water, forest, range and other resource managers and plannersthe "practitioners." More specifically, the chapters are intended to provide practical advice on procedures that can be used by professional resource managers who work at local and regional levels and are thus closest to and involved in making land-use and management decisions. Collectively, such decisions determine the pattern and structure of the landscape units in which the biota will live. Accumulated experience shows that using interdisciplinary and interinstitutional partnerships for sharing expertise and resources results in better flora and fauna patterns than working individually.

Biodiversity generally is defined at three levels of organization: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. In more common terms, these are the variation within species, among species, and among biotic associations or communitiesgroups of species found in different types of physical environments. Some scientists consider the "landscape" level as the fourth level of biodiversity organization. This is a complex mosaic of different community or ecosystem types found within a given region. The chapters in this book deal with conservation or resource management at one or more of these levels.

At the genetic and species levels the text covers such tools as population viability analysis used to help prevent a given species population from being extirpated, and management of small populations to retain as much genetic variation as possible. Use of decision analyses is explored to manage endangered species populations, especially the selection and design of individual nature reserves, as well as reserve systems.

As the number of individual species threatened with extinction increases, there is growing interest in managing areas to benefit groups of species, usually by selecting and managing nature reserves to meet the needs of many species. This approach is not new, except perhaps for emphasis. However, much can be said for this approach as a simplifying and efficient conservation strategy to counter further shrinking of our natural heritage. The emphasis here is in selecting and designing reserves to capture the diversity of representative biotic communities or ecosystems, either in single reserves or in landscape complexes of many types. This biotic community or ecosystem focus often is balanced by focusing attention on specific indicator species, such as large mammals or carnivores that have large home ranges and require the largest or most complex land base for population viability. Sometimes "keystone mutualistic species" are considered as well. These species have marked effects on entire ecosystems and many other species depend on them. The gopher tortoise in southern sandy pinelands scrub is an example of such a species.

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