Freese - The cosmic cocktail : three parts dark matter

FIGURE 2.11 Computer reconstructed image of the mass distribution in galaxy cluster CL0024+1654, based on data from Hubble Space Telescope. This massive cluster gravitationally lensed the light of a more distant bright galaxy, producing multiple images of the source galaxy and allowing scientists to reconstruct the hidden mass inside the cluster. The peaks in the image are galaxies; the bulk of the mass consists of the central mountain made of dark matter in between the galaxies. From Tyson, J. A., G. P. Kochanski, and I. P. DellAntonio. 1998. Astrophysical Journal Letters 498: L107.

FIGURE 2.13 Galaxy cluster Coma provides evidence for dark matter. The x-rays in the image on the right are produced by hot gas, which would have evaporated from the cluster without the gravity provided by an enormous dark matter component in the cluster. (Left) Optical image. (Right) X-ray image. The two images are not on the same scale; the x-ray image focuses on the central region of the cluster. (Left) NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); (right) ROSAT/MPE/S. L. Snowden.

FIGURE 2.14 The Bullet Cluster, a merger of two clusters each containing dozens of galaxies, gives striking confirmation of the existence of dark matter. The dark matter from lensing measurements is shown in blue; the x-ray gas composed of atomic matter is shown in red. The separation of the two components occurs because the atomic gas decelerates when it collides at the center, but the collisionless dark matter passes right on through. The existence of these two independent components is exactly as predicted in dark matter theories. The name Bullet Cluster refers to the striking illusion that one of the clusters looks like a bullet piercing the other. (X-ray) NASA/CXC/CfA/M. Markevitch et al.; (lensing map) NASA/STScl, ESO WFI, Magellan/U. Arizona/D. Clowe et al.; (optical) NASA/STScl, Magellan/U. Arizona/D. Clowe et al.

FIGURE 2.15 Computer simulation of galaxy formation starting from 100 million years after the Big Bang (z = 28.62). The time sequence is labeled in terms of the redshift z, where higher values of z correspond to earlier times in the Universe (z = 0 today). The bright regions in the images are actually the locations of dark matter; as the dominant matter in the Universe, it controls the formation of large-scale structure. The first small clumps of dark matter merged to form ever-larger objects, eventually creating the galaxies and other large structures we see today. Galaxies are located at the intersections of the long stringy filaments shown in the final images. Without dark matter, galaxies would never have formed and we would not exist! Simulations were performed at the National Center for Super-computer Applications by Andrey Kravtsov (University of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University). Visualizations by Andrey Kravtsov.

FIGURE 3.10 The path of the BOOMERANG satellite as it circumnavigated the South Pole. The Boomerang Collaboration.

FIGURE 3.11 The BOOMERANG experiment about to be launched at the South Pole. In the background is a computer reconstruction of the microwave images it saw. From the sizes of the dark blue hot spots, scientists deciphered the shape and curvature of the Universe. The Boomerang Collaboration.

FIGURE 3.14 The microwave sky as seen by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) (top) and Planck (bottom) satellites. Hot spots are red/orange, whereas blue regions are cold (compared to the average 2.76 K temperature). The putative initials of Stephen Hawking are circled. The WMAP and Planck images are like a fingerprint of our Universe. (Top) NASA / WMAP Science Team; (bottom) ESA / Planck Collaboration.

FIGURE 3.18 Pie chart of the Universe showing its three primary components.

FIGURE 6.2 Fabiola Gianotti, spokesperson for the ATLAS team of 3,000 scientists at CERN, made the first public announcement of the discovery of a new particle, most likely the Higgs boson. CERN.

FIGURE 6.4 (Top) The CMS detector at CERN during construction. (Bottom) Peter Higgs, who won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for predicting the existence of the Higgs boson, in front of the CMS detector. CMS and CERN. Copyright 2008 CERN.

FIGURE 6.7 A computer reconstruction of an actual proton-proton collision event using real data recorded with the CMS detector in 2012. The event shows evidence for the decay of a Higgs particle into a pair of photons (dashed yellow lines leading to green towers). CMS and CERN.

FIGURE 8.4 Im a Spaniard caught between two Italian women. Juan Collar of CoGeNT (center), Rita Bernabei from DAMA (left), and Elena Aprile from XENON (right) are leaders of three of the principal dark matter experiments. (Left) Rita Bernabei, ONFS; (middle) Juan Collar and the University of Chicago; (right) Richard Perry / New York Times.

FIGURE 9.1 A supernova remnant. (X-ray) NASA / CXC / SSC / J. Keohane et al.; (infrared) Caltech / SSC / J. Rho and T. Jarrett.

FIGURE 9.3 A variety of astrophysical data sets converge on a Universe with 31% matter and 69% dark energy. The horizontal axis is the fraction of the Universe consisting of matter (both atomic and dark matter), and the vertical axis is the fraction consisting of dark energy. The green regions are consistent with supernova data; the red regions with cluster data; and the brown regions with cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. The best fit that matches all the data (indicated by a star) is 31% matter and 69% dark energy. Although this figure doesnt make the distinction, the matter content is further divided into 5% atomic matter and 26% dark matter.