The Farlex Grammar Book
Volume II
Complete English Punctuation Rules
Perfect Your Punctuation and Instantly Improve Your Writing
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ISBN-10: 1537513907
ISBN-13: 978-1537513904
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Preface
Punctuation is essential to learning how to write. Only when we master punctuation can we begin to perfect our writing. More than a dozen unique punctuation marks are used in modern English, and each mark can change the structure and meaning of our chosen words in both drastic and subtle ways. When we speak, we control this meaning by pausing or changing the inflection of our voice; when we write, however, the only way to convey this meaning is through the correct use of punctuation marks.
This guide covers all the ways punctuation shapes the English language as it is written today. Because of how varied the usage of punctuation marks can be, its crucial to understand exactly how each mark can (or cannot) be used.
Each chapter in this guide focuses on a different punctuation mark, providing clear examples that show not only how to use it correctly, but how to identify and avoid common mistakes as well. Since many punctuation marks overlap with one another in how they are used, this book contains many cross-references to make it clear when and why one mark might be preferable over another.
Once you have mastered the basic rules of punctuation, your writing will become much clearer, better structured, and more precise. Youll be able to add more nuance and variety to your writing without worrying about whether youre using the correct punctuation. With this guide, you will have no doubt.
Editors Note
This book is written according to the standard styles and spellings used in American English. While major differences between American and British English are usually addressed, some information in the book might not coincide with the styles, tendencies, or preferences of other English-speaking communities.
Table of Contents
English Punctuation
Punctuation refers to the specific markings, signs and symbols that are used in and around sentences to give them structure and to allow for correct understanding and comprehension.
Providing structure
If we think of words as bricks that build a sentence (arranged in a certain pattern according to English grammar), punctuation could be thought of as the mortar that holds the bricks together. Without punctuation, our writing would just be a continuous stream of words that lacked structure, pacing, and, ultimately, meaning. For instance, lets see how this same paragraph would look without any punctuation:
- if we think of words as bricks that build a sentence arranged in a certain pattern according to English grammar punctuation could be thought of as the mortar that holds the bricks together without punctuation our writing would just be a continuous stream of words that lacked structure pacing and ultimately meaning for instance lets see how this same paragraph would look without any punctuation
While its possible to discern some of the meaning, it becomes remarkably difficult to understand what is being said when no punctuation marks are used.
Providing internal meaning
In addition to providing overall structure and clarity to sentences, punctuation can also provide nuanced internal meaning as well; that is, sentences that have the exact same words can have different meanings depending on which punctuation is used (or misused). Lets look at some sets of examples that illustrate this idea:
- Brackets are also used to distinguish parenthetical information that appears within a larger set of parentheses. (Informally, though, it is quite common to simply use a second set of parentheses.)
- Brackets are also used to distinguish parenthetical information that appears within a larger set of parentheses. (Informally, though; it is quite common to simply use a second set of parentheses.)
Here, by changing the second , weve changed what informally refers to: In the first example, it is referring to the use of a second set of parentheses as being informal; in the second example, it is the use of brackets that is now being described as informal.
Now lets look at two examples involving more complex punctuation changes:
- If we look at our sales teams report, an increase in consumer confidence, an upturn for our July figures, and successful budget cuts indicate a very promising second half of the year.