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OECD - The Role of Digital Platforms in the Collection of VAT/GST on Online Sales

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OECD The Role of Digital Platforms in the Collection of VAT/GST on Online Sales
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The Role of Digital Platforms in the Collection of VAT/GST on Online Sales
Please cite this publication as:
OECD (2019), The Role of Digital Platforms in the Collection of VAT/GST on Online Sales , OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e0e2dd2d-en .
Metadata Legal and Rights ISBN 978-92-64-73705-1 print - - photo 2
Metadata, Legal and Rights
ISBN: 978-92-64-73705-1 (print) - 978-92-64-34411-2 (pdf) - 978-92-64-63941-6 (HTML) - 978-92-64-36833-0 (epub)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/e0e2dd2d-en
This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Photo credits: Cover Shutterstock/PopTika.
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm .
OECD 2019
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Foreword

The OECDs work on Value Added Taxes (VAT)/Goods and Services Taxes (GST) has in recent years primarily focused on the development of internationally agreed standards and recommended approaches for the consistent, efficient and effective application of national VAT/GST systems in the context of an increasingly digitalised and globalised economy.

These standards include the recommended rules and mechanisms to address the challenges of collecting the VAT/GST on digital sales, which had been identified in the context of the OECD/G20 Project on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the BEPS Project). This report, The Role of Digital Platforms in the Collection of VAT/GST on Online Sales is the latest addition to this work.

Electronic marketplaces and other digital platforms that facilitate online transactions between buyers and sellers play a central role in the continuous strong growth of online trade. Evidence suggests that two-thirds of all cross-border e-commerce sales of goods are made through online marketplaces. It has become increasingly obvious that this reality presents significant opportunities for a more efficient and effective collection of VAT/GST on online sales of goods, services and intangibles, particularly sales to private consumers. An increasing number of jurisdictions started work on possible measures to involve digital platforms in collecting VAT/GST on online sales. The jurisdictions that effectively implemented these measures reported positive outcomes in facilitating and improving compliance and securing tax revenue. Against this backdrop, the OECD was requested to develop internationally agreed guidance on measures for the efficient involvement of digital platforms in the VAT/GST collection on online sales that can be implemented consistently across jurisdictions.

Accordingly, this report provides practical guidance to tax authorities on the design and implementation of a variety of solutions for involving e-commerce marketplaces and other digital platforms in the effective and efficient collection of VAT/GST on digital trade of goods, services and intangibles. It includes new measures to make digital platforms liable for the VAT/GST on sales made by online traders through these platforms, along with other measures such as data sharing and enhanced co-operation between tax authorities and digital platforms. It builds further on the solutions for the effective collection of VAT/GST on digital sales presented in International VAT/GST Guidelines and Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy, Action 1 2015 Final Report . It also complements the report on the Mechanisms for the Effective Collection of VAT/GST , which was delivered in 2017.

This report has been developed through an inclusive process, involving representatives from OECD members and from a large number of partner countries as well as through the active engagement of the business community. It was endorsed by the representatives from over 100 jurisdictions and international and regional organisations as well as from the business community at the fifth meeting of the Global Forum on VAT in Melbourne on 20-22 March 2019.

This report was approved by the Committee on Fiscal Affairs on 10 May 2019 and prepared for publication by the OECD Secretariat.

Executive Summary

This report, The Role of Digital Platforms in the Collection of VAT/GST on Online Sales , was developed by the OECD to complement its report Mechanisms for the Effective Collection of VAT/GST . The latter report, which was delivered in 2017, provides detailed guidance for the consistent and effective implementation of the mechanisms for the collection of VAT/GST on online sales as recommended in the International VAT/GST Guidelines and in Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy, Action 1 2015 Final Report of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project.

Against the backdrop of the continuous strong growth of online trade, the OECD's Working Party No.9 on Consumption Taxes (WP9) consisting of VAT/GST policy officials from OECD members and Partner countries, signalled an urgent need to continue work on possible approaches to further increase the efficiency of VAT/GST collection, particularly on online sales to final consumers (business-to-consumer or B2C trade). WP9 requested in particular that the possible involvement of digital platforms in the collection process be explored, recognising that such platforms may significantly enhance the effectiveness of VAT/GST collection given their important role in generating, facilitating and/or executing online sales. A number of jurisdictions indeed have implemented measures to involve digital platforms in collecting VAT/GST on online sales and reported positive outcomes in securing tax revenue. Other jurisdictions are considering similar reforms.

Against this background, this report analyses the possible roles of digital platforms in supporting the collection of VAT/GST on online sales of goods and services/intangibles, and provides guidance on possible implementation measures. It also recalls the range of other measures beyond possible VAT/GST obligations for digital platforms that tax authorities can implement to further enhance the effectiveness of VAT/GST collection on online trade.

This report does not try to define the term digital platforms, as it is a concept that is likely to evolve over time. They have notably been denominated platforms, (online) marketplaces, or intermediaries by the jurisdictions that have involved such actors in the collection of VAT/GST on online sales, or are considering doing so. This report uses the term digital platform as a generic term to refer to the actors in online sales that carry out the functions that can be considered essential for their involvement by tax authorities in the collection of VAT/GST on online sales. These can generally be described as the platforms that enable, by electronic means, direct interactions between two or more customers or participant groups (typically buyers and sellers) with two key characteristics:

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