Hafez A . Radi - Principles of Physics

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Part 1
Fundamental Basics

Hafez A . Radi and John O Rasmussen Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics Principles of Physics 2013 For Scientists and Engineers 10.1007/978-3-642-23026-4_1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

1. Dimensions and Units

Hafez A. Radi 1

(1)

Physics Department, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 26 July Mehwar Road 6th of October, Cairo, Egypt

(2)

University of California, Oxford Street 817, Berkeley, CA 94707-2013, USA

Hafez A. Radi (Corresponding author)

Email:

John O. Rasmussen

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Abstract

The laws of physics are expressed in terms of basic quantities that require a clear definition for the purpose of measurements. Among these measured quantities are length, time, mass, temperature, etc.

The laws of physics are expressed in terms of basic quantities that require a clear definition for the purpose of measurements. Among these measured quantities are length, time, mass, temperature, etc.

In order to describe any physical quantity, we first have to define a unit of measurement (which was among the earliest tools invented by humans), i.e. a measure that is defined to be exactly 1.0. After that, we define a standard for this quantity, i.e. a reference to compare all other examples of the same physical quantity.

1.1 The International System of Units

Seven physical quantities have been selected as base quantities in the General Conference on Weights and Measurements, held in France in 1971. These quantities form the basis of the International System of Units, abbreviated SI (from its French name Systme International ) and popularly known as the metric system . Table depicts these quantities, their unit names, and their unit symbols.

Many SI derived units are defined in terms of the first three quantities of Table . For example, the SI unit for force, called the newton (abbreviated N), is defined in terms of the base units of mass, length, and time. Thus, as we will see from the study of Newtons second law, the unit of force is given by:

(1.1)

When dealing with very large or very small numbers in physics, we use the so-called scientific notation which employs powers of 10, such as:

(1.2)

(1.3)

An additional convenient way to deal with very large or very small numbers in physics is to use the prefixes listed in Table . Each one of these prefixes represents a certain power of 10.

Table 1.1

The seven independent SI base units

Quantity	Unit name	Unit symbol
Length	Meter	m
Time	Second	s
Mass	Kilogram	kg
Temperature
Electric current	Ampere	A
Amount of substance	Mole	mol
Luminous intensity	Candela	cd

Table 1.2

Prefixes for SI units

Factor	Prefix	Symbol		Factor	Prefix	Symbol
	yotta-	Y		yocto-	y
	zeta-	Z		zepto-	z
	exa-	E		atto-	a
	peta-	P		femto -	f
	tera -	T		pico -	p
	giga -	G		nano -	n
	mega -	M		micro -
	kilo -	k		milli -	m
	hecta-	h		centi -	c

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