E. S. E. Hafez - Reproduction in Farm Animals

Editor: Donna Balado
Managing Editor: Karen Gulliver
Marketing Manager: Annie Smith
Production Editor: Paula C. Williams

Copyright 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of medical care which should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers' product information and package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages, and precautions.

First Edition, 1962
Japanese translation, 1965
Spanish translation, 1967
Second Edition, 1968
Japanese translation, 1971
Third Edition, 1974
Fourth Edition, 1980
Reprinted, 1982
Portuguese translation, 1982
Italian translation, 1985
Fifth Edition, 1987
Japanese translation, 1992
Spanish translation, 1992
Sixth Edition, 1993

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Reproduction in farm animals / edited by B. Hafez, E.S.E. Hafez.7th ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-683-30577-8

1. LivestockReproduction. 2. Veterinary physiology. I. Hafez, B.

II. Hafez, E. S. E. (Elsayed Saad Eldin), 1922

SF871.R47 2000

636.089'26dc21 99-053783

The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 824-7390. International customers should call (301) 714-2324.

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PREFACE

The first edition, published in 1962, covered the basic and comparative aspects of reproductive physiology in a simplified manner to meet the needs of students in reproductive biology, veterinary medicine, and animal sciences. This objective is maintained in the seventh edition, which represents a condensed, concise treatise on the physiology and biochemistry of reproduction of farm animals. The book is divided into major sections and these, in turn, are loosely arrayed into two domains, the components of the reproductive system and the regulation of the reproductive process, from the control of ovulation to the initiation of parturition. The reader will note the profound differences among the various animal species. To address this issue we provided separate coverage of the major species, where this seemed appropriate, so that the student of reproduction could ascertain the similarities and differences among them.

During the past decade there were significant advances in the main concepts of animal reproduction as a result of modern biotechnology, such as the use of gonadotropin releasing hormones and their analogs, assisted reproductive technology/andrology (ARTA), genetics, molecular biology, immunology, toxicology, and pharmacology. Five new chapters have been added to the 7th edition:

Modern techniques of bioengineering of farm animals involve microinsemination, recombination of DNA, and in vitro manipulation, transfer, and expression of genes. These techniques were greatly improved with the use of computers, microcomputers, and commercially available diagnostic and analytical kits. A wide variety of techniques have been employed for the evaluation of semen, such as: evaluation of sperm fertilizability using zona-free hamster egg (fresh or frozen); motility pattern as viewed by videotape microscopy; in vitro penetrability of sperm in bovine cervical mucus; and cryopreservation of embryos and semen using computerized freezers. Most of the investigations reviewed in this edition are based more on holistic research than on research at the submicroscopic or molecular level. However, the excitement generated by recent advances in molecular biology and development tend to downgrade the value of whole-animal research. No attempt was made to provide a detailed bibliography, but a selected number of classic papers and review articles are listed at the end of each chapter.

This edition could not have been revised without the cooperation of the contributing authors and their willingness to follow the editorial guidelines. The chapters have been concisely edited, and the major concepts have been summarized in tables supplemented by line drawings and scanning electron micrographs. All chapters have been completely revised and condensed. There have been numerous deletions from the sixth edition, as well as integration of new and modern concepts such as growth factors, molecular biology, genetics, and in vitro micromanipulation of gametes and embryos.

Some tabulated appendices include: chromosome numbers and reproductive ability of bovine, caprinae, and equine species and some of their hybrids; preparation of physiologic solutions, sperm stains, tissue culture media, and cryoprotectants. These appendices proved to be helpful for staging demonstrations, laboratory exercises, and training workshops for teachers, laboratory technicians, and students. It is hoped that the seventh edition will be of some help to undergraduate students in animal sciences and veterinary medicine.

B. Hafez/E.S.E. Hafez
Kiawah Island, South Carolina USA
March, 2000

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Included in the seventh edition, the contributions and the valuable information were provided by: S.E. Abdelgadir, L.L. Anderson, A.E. Archibong, R.L. Ax, M. Dally, B.A. Didion, D.P. Froman, D.L. Garner, R.D. Geisett, P.J. Hansen, J.D. Kirby, S.S. Koide, R.W. Lenz, C.C. Love, J.R. Malayer, J.A. Proudman, J. Sumar, D.D. Varner, H. Wahid, and Professor M.R. Jainudeen, my friend and long-time associate, who has contributed greatly to the improvement of the table of contents and detailed structure of several chapters. Sincere thanks are due to Ms. Donna Balado and Crystal Taylor of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for their meticulous and painstaking efforts during the preparation of the book. Special thanks are also due to Vice President Timothy Satterfield for his excellent cooperation and continued interest in the development of animal and veterinary sciences.

CONTRIBUTORS

S.E. Abdelgadir

Asst. Professor of Reproduction Endocrinology/Infertility

Director of Andrology/Embryology

Department of OB/GYN

University of Nevada School of Medicine

Las Vegas, Nevada 89102 USA

L.L. Anderson

Department of Animal Science

Iowa State University

11 Kildee Hall

Ames, Iowa 50011 USA

A.E. Archibong

Director of Andrology/Research