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Ray H. Hashemi - MRI: The Basics

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Book:
MRI: The Basics
Author:
Ray H Hashemi / William G Bradley Jr / Christopher J Lisanti
Publisher:
ePubLibre
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Books / Children
Year:
2010
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PART I
Basic Concepts

PART II
Fast Scanning

Appendix C
Abbreviations

, ,

Alpha, theta, phi. Symbols used to designate an angle (e.g., flip angle)

. Gyromagnetic ratio (in T/ MHz )

. Micron (10-6 m)

. Standard deviation

. Symbol used to designate time

, 0

Omega. Angular (Larmor) frequency (in radians/sec)

Two dimensional

2DFT

Two-dimensional Fourier transform

Three dimensional

3DFT

Three-dimensional Fourier transform

A2D, ADC

Analog-to-digital converter or conversion

ASSET

Array spatial and sensitivity encoding technique

Main external magnetic field

Magnetic field associated with the RF pulse

b-FFE

balanced fast field echo

b-SSFP

balanced steady-state free precession

Bandwidth

CNR

Contrast-to-noise ratio

CSE

Conventional spin echo

Driven equilibrium

EPI

Echo planar imaging

ESP

Echo spacing

Echo train

ETL

Echo train length

Flow compensation

FFE

fast field echo

FFT

Fast Fourier transform

FGR

Fast GRASS

FID

Free induction decay

FIESTA

Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition

FISP

Fast imaging with steady-state precession

FLAIR

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

FLASH

Fast low-angle shot

FOV

Field of view

FSE

Fast spin echo

FSPGR

Fast SPGR

Fourier transform

Frequency-encoding gradient

Phase-encoding gradient

Slice-select gradient

Gradient echo

Gray matter

GMN

Gradient moment nulling

GMR

Gradient-motion rephasing

GRASE

Gradient and spin echo

GRASS

Gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state

GRE

Gradient echo or gradient-recalled echo

HASTE

Half-Fourier acquired single-shot turbo spin echo, Siemens

Hertz (1 cycle/sec)

IPAT

Integrated parallel acquisition techniques

Inversion recovery

kHz

Kilohertz

Initial longitudinal magnetization

MAST

Motion artifact suppression technique

MEMP

Multi-echo multiplanar

MHz

Megahertz

Millimeter (10-3 m)

MOTSA

Multiple overlapping thin-slab acquisition

MPGR

Multiplanar GRASS

MP-RAGE

Magnetization-prepared, rapid acquisition gradient echo

Magnetic resonance

MRA

Magnetic resonance angiography

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

msec

Milliseconds

Magnetization transfer

MTC

Magnetization transfer contrast

Mxy

Transverse magnetization in the x-y plane

Longitudinal magnetization

NEX

Number of excitations

Nanometer (10-9 m)

NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NPW

No phase wrap

NFW

No frequency wrap

NSA

Number of signal averages

Number of frequency-encoding steps in the x direction

Number of phase-encoding steps in the y direction

Number of phase-encoding steps in slice-select direction (in 3D imaging)

Phase contrast

Proton density

PDW

Proton density weighting

PDWI

Proton density-weighted image

pixel

Picture element

POMP

Phase offset multiplanar

Picometer (10-12 m)

ppm

Parts per million

Pulse sequence

PSD

Pulse sequence diagram

PSIF

Opposite of FISP

RARE

Rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement

Reynolds number

Radio frequency

Spin echo

SENSE

Sensitivity encoding

SMASH

Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics

SNR, S/N

Signal-to-noise ratio

SPGR

Spoiled GRASS

SSFP

Steady-state free precession

SSFSE

Single-shot fast spin echo, GE

STIR

Short TI (or tau) inversion recovery

T1 relaxation time, longitudinal relaxation time, and spin-lattice relaxation time

T1W

T1 weighting, T1 weighted

T1WI

T1 -weighted image

T2 relaxation time, transverse relaxation time, and spin-spin relaxation time

T2*

T2* relaxation time

T2W

T2 weighting, T2 weighted

T2WI

T2 -weighted image

T2*W

T2* weighting, T2* weighted

T2*WI

T2* -weighted image

Tesla; period of a periodic signal

Echo delay time (time to echo)

Time to inversion (inversion time)

Overhead (dead) time in the pulse cycle

TOF

Time of flight

TONE

Tilted optimized nonsaturating excitation

Repetition time (time of repetition)

Rise time

Sampling time

TSE

Turbo spin echo

Turbo

Siemens' and Philips' prefix to denote a fast scanning mode

Variable bandwidth

VENC

Velocity encoding

VEMP

Variable echo multiplanar

voxel

Volume element

White matter

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Robert Mulkern (Brigham and Women's Hospital) for helpful comments on the equations in Chapter 17. This generated an e-mail debate on the formula for signal-to-noise, which went on for a month and included MR giants such as Mark Haacke (Wayne State), John Mugler (UVa), Felix Wehrli (Penn), Gary Fullerton (UColo), and Mark Bydder (UCSD Graeme's son and future giant).

Appendix B
Answers

Chapter 1

1-1 (a) See Figure 1-17

(b) See Figure 1-18

1-2 ei(x+y) = eixeiy. So cos (x + y) + isin (x + y) = (cos x + isin x)(cos y + isin y) = (cos x cos y sin x sin y) + i(cos x sin i + sin x cos y)

1-3 sinc(0) = sin(0)/0 = limd/dx (sin x/x) xrarr;0

= cosx/1 = cos0/1 = 1/1 = 1 (x = 0)

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