The Worlds Major Languages
The Worlds Major Languages features over 50 of the worlds languages and language families.
This revised edition includes updated bibliographies for each chapter and up-to-date census figures. The featured languages have been chosen based on the number of speakers, their role as official languages and their cultural and historical importance. Each language is looked at in depth, and the chapters provide information on both grammatical features and on salient features of the languages history and cultural role.
The Worlds Major Languages is an accessible and essential reference work for linguists.
Bernard Comrie is Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
The Worlds Major Languages
Third Edition
Edited by
Bernard Comrie
Third edition published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2018 selection and editorial matter, Bernard Comrie; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Bernard Comrie to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Croom Helm 1987
Second edition published by Routledge 2009
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Comrie, Bernard, 1947- editor.
Title: The worlds major languages / edited by Bernard Comrie.
Description: Third edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York,
NY : Routledge, [2018] | First edition published by Croom Helm 1987. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017039531| ISBN 9781138184824
(hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315644936 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Language and languages.
Classification: LCC P371 .W6 2018 | DDC 410dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039531
ISBN: 978-1-138-18482-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-64493-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman and Helvetica
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Bernard Comrie
Philip Baldi and Pierluigi Cuzzolin
John A. Hawkins
Edward Finegan
John A. Hawkins
Jan G. Kooij and Geert Booij
Einar Haugen and Lars Borin
R.G.G. Coleman and James Clackson
John N. Green
Monique Monville-Burston and Linda R. Waugh
John N. Green
Stephen Parkinson
Nigel Vincent
Graham Mallinson and Oana U Brbulescu
Bernard Comrie
Bernard Comrie
Gerald Stone
David Short
Greville Corbett and Wayles Browne
Brian D. Joseph
George Cardona and Silvia Luraghi
George Cardona and Silvia Luraghi
Yamuna Kachru and Tej K. Bhatia
M.H. Klaiman and Aditi Lahiri
J.R. Payne and Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari
Gernot L. Windfuhr and Carina Jahani
D.N. MacKenzie and Anne Boyle David
Robert Austerlitz and Bernard Comrie
Daniel Abondolo
Michael Branch and Ritva Laury
Jaklin Kornfilt
Robert Hetzron and Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Robert Hetzron, Alan S. Kaye and Ghilad Zuckermann
Alan S. Kaye
Robert Hetzron, Alan S. Kaye and W. Randall Garr
Grover Hudson
Paul Newman
Sanford B. Steever
David Strecker and Pittayawat Pittayaporn
Thomas John Hudak
nh-Ho Nguyn, Mark J. Alves and Hng Cn Nguyn
Scott DeLancey
Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson
Julian K. Wheatley
Masayoshi Shibatani
Nam-Kil Kim
Ross Clark
Uri Tadmor
Michael P. Oakes and Bambang Kaswanti Purwo
Paul Schachter and Lawrence A. Reid
Douglas Pulleyblank
Douglas Pulleyblank and lanik la Orie
Benji Wald and Hannah Gibson
Guide
Daniel Abondolo
University of London
Mark J. Alves
Montgomery College
Robert Austerlitz
Columbia University, deceased
Philip Baldi
Pennsylvania State University
Oana U Brbulescu
University of Oxford; University of Bucharest
Tej K. Bhatia
Syracuse University
Geert Booij
Leiden University
Lars Borin
University of Gothenburg
Michael Branch
University of London
Wayles Browne
Cornell University
George Cardona
University of Pennsylvania
James Clackson
University of Cambridge
Ross Clark
University of Auckland
R.G.G. Coleman
University of Cambridge, deceased
Bernard Comrie
University of California Santa Barbara
Greville Corbett
University of Surrey
Pierluigi Cuzzolin
University of Bergamo
Anne Boyle David
University of Maryland
Scott DeLancey
University of Oregon
Edward Finegan
University of Southern California
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
University of Colorado Boulder
W. Randall Garr
University of California, Santa Barbara
Hannah Gibson
University of Essex
John N. Green
University of Bradford
Einar Haugen
Harvard University, deceased
John A. Hawkins
University of California Davis
Robert Hetzron
University of California Santa Barbara, deceased
Thomas John Hudak
Arizona State University
Grover Hudson
Michigan State University
Carina Jahani
Uppsala University
Brian D. Joseph
Ohio State University
Yamuna Kachru
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, deceased
Alan S. Kaye
California State University Fullerton, deceased
M.H. Klaiman
Independent scholar
Jan G. Kooij
University of Amsterdam, deceased
Jaklin Kornfilt
Syracuse University
Aditi Lahiri
University of Oxford
Ritva Laury
University of Helsinki
Charles N. Li
University of California Santa Barbara
Silvia Luraghi
University of Pavia
D.N. MacKenzie
University of Gttingen, deceased
Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari
University of Tehran
Graham Mallinson
Independent scholar
Monique Monville-Burston
Cyprus Institute of Technology
Nam-Kil Kim
University of Southern California
Paul Newman
Independent scholar
Hng Cn Nguyn
Vietnam National University
nh-Ho Nguyn