Andreas Jess - Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products

1. Notation
2. Chapter 1
3. Chapter 2
4. Chapter 3
5. Chapter 4
6. Chapter 5
7. Chapter 6

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6

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Andreas Jess and Peter Wasserscheid

Second Edition

The Authors

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Jess

Universitt Bayreuth

Lehrstuhl fr Chemische

Verfahrenstechnik

Universittsstrae 30

95447 Bayreuth

Germany

Prof. Dr. Peter Wasserscheid

Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg

Lehrstuhl fr Chemische

Reaktionstechnik

Egerlandstrae 3

91058 Erlangen

Germany

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Image Description: Oil Refinery, Chemical & Petrochemical plant, abstract, at night.

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To our wives Christina and Talke and our children Antonia, Friederike, Jonathan, Karolin, Lukas, and Theresa.

This textbook tries to marry the four disciplines of chemical technology, namely, chemistry (key reactions, catalysis), thermal and mechanical unit operations (distillation, absorption/adsorption, mixing of fluids, separation of solids from fluids, etc.), chemical reaction engineering (thermodynamics, kinetics, influence of heat and mass transfer, reactor modeling), and general chemical technology, that is, the pedigree of routes from raw materials via intermediates to final products and environmental aspects of chemical technology.

The development and understanding of chemical processes relies on knowledge of all four disciplines. This book is an approach to integrating these disciplines and to enlivening them by problems and solutions of industrial practice. The book intends to enable students of chemical engineering as well as of chemistry (especially those with a focus on technical chemistry) to understand industrial processes and to apply these fundamental disciplines for the design of reactors, including pre- and posttreatment of feedstocks and products.

We emphasize that the depth of specialist literature cannot and should not be reached; but students who want to study certain aspects in more detail will find further references.

The book is organized into three main parts:

• The first half provides a comprehensive examination of the fundamental disciplines of chemical technology: after a short introduction, the subsequent chapters survey chemical aspects ().
• gives an overview of raw materials and energy sources (fossil fuels, renewable energy), in which economical, ecological, and social aspects of energy consumption are also covered. Thereafter, the routes from fossil fuels (natural gas, oil, and coal) to fuels, petrochemicals, bulk chemicals, and final products are described, and the main inorganic intermediates and final products are also given. Finally, some main environmental aspects of chemical technology (air and water pollution) and the costs of manufacturing fuels and chemicals are discussed.
• In the last part () and will extend them to industrial practice. The processes have been selected such that they all differ with respect to at least one important aspect like the type and design of the reactor, the chemistry involved, or the separation process used.

The book is supplemented by a brief survey of selected modern trends such as microreactors, and new solvents for catalysis like ionic liquids, which should convince the reader that chemical technology is not a completed discipline, but a developing field with huge future challenges such as solving the energy problems for generations to come.

Several chapters are based on bachelor and master courses the authors have taught students of chemistry and of chemical engineering at different universities for many years (Aachen, Bayreuth, Erlangen, Karlsruhe). We have tried to consider the challenges specific to instructing chemists and engineers in chemical technology; for example, the problems both groups have in integrating the different disciplines: according to our experience, chemists tend to be too anxious with regard to chemical engineering methods (and most notably with the mathematics involved). In contrast, engineers often feel uncomfortable if chemical aspects have to be examined and come to the fore.