Gail Herman - What is climate change?

In the Canadian Arctic, winter used to come early. By early November, temperatures dipped below zero. Snow covered the ground. Hudson Bay became covered in solid ice.

Hundreds of polar bears lumbered onto the frozen water, making their way out to open ocean. All winter long, they swam from ice floe to ice floe. They mated. They hunted and fished. There were plenty of ringed seals to eat.

When summer finally came in August, the ice melted. The polar bears swam back to land. The males play-fought. The females watched over their young cubs. Months passed. Polar bears lounged on tundrastill-frozen groundusing little energy. They waited for cold weather. They waited to go out to sea again.

Polar bears are strong, majestic creatures, standing up to nine feet tall and weighing up to one thousand pounds. They are built for the cold. Their snow-white coat is thick, with a double layer of fur. Also, a layer of fat lies just under their skin, keeping them extra warm. For months, polar bears have to live off this fat, gained from winter feedings on the ice. When theyre on land, they barely eat.

Polar bear in Hudson Bay from the 1980s

In early November 2016, the polar bears were still on land. There was no sea ice on Hudson Bay. Weeks passed. By December, there was still barely any ice at all. So the polar bears had to wait longer to return to the sea. Some paced back and forth along the shoreline. Others lay on the ground, not doing much at all.

Polar bear in Hudson Bay in 2016

The warmer climate affected the polar bears in important ways. In the 1980s, Hudson Bay bears were bigger and rounder, well fed. Recently theyve been losing weight and becoming weaker. Thats because with fewer weeks on ice, their hunting season has become shorter. They have less food. In Hudson Bay, polar bear numbers have dropped. The bears have fewer cubs. And not all cubs survive.

In 2016, the water in Hudson Bay didnt freeze until December 12. That was very late. Sea ice is finally forming, one scientist reported. The polar bears are moving quickly offshore.

Even on ice, however, the polar bears had a tougher time. There was more water between floes. The polar bears were already weakened by long months on land. And yet they had to swim longer distances to get from place to place to hunt.

Observers followed one female who had to swim nine days straight to reach an ice floe.

The Arcticthe polar bears habitatis changing. Temperatures have gone up about 3 degrees Celsius (C), or 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit (F), since 1900.

The ice cover is shrinking, too. In 2017, it was 30 percent smaller than it was twenty-five years earlier. And each year, the remaining ice cover is melting faster and faster.

The fact is that our entire planet is getting warmer, not just the Arctic. Certain gases in the atmospheregreenhouse gaseshold in heat, keeping it from escaping into space. Higher temperatures bring changes in plant and animal life. In sources of food and water. In rainfall and snowfall, floods and droughts. Habitats around the world are at risk.

Its all part of climate change.

CHAPTER 1
Things Are Heating Up

First of all, what is climate?

Before you dress each day, do you check the climate to figure out what to wear? No, you check the weather.

Weather changes often, sometimes in the space of a couple of hours. Climate doesnt. Climate is the weather over long periods of time.

Scientists who study climate look at weather patterns. They need to measure temperature and precipitation (rainfall and snowfall). Theyll look to see if there are changes over thirty years, fifty years, or even one hundred years. By studying these long periods, they see whether conditions on Earth are changing.

Scientists have taken measurements from weather stations around the world, in hot places and cold ones. And the average temperatures in all these places have gone up almost 2F since the 1880s. That may not sound like a big difference, but it is.

Earth has been having fewer cold days and more warm days. There have been fewer record low temperatures and more record highs. Even freezing-cold places are getting warmer, and not just in the Arctic. Its also happening in Antarctica, by the South Pole. Ice caps, glaciers, and ice sheetsall forms of land iceare melting.