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OXFORD QUICK REFERENCE
A Dictionary of
Chemistry
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First published in 1985 as A Concise Dictionary of Chemistry
Second edition 1990
Third edition 1996
Fourth edition 2000
Fifth edition 2004
Sixth edition 2008
Seventh edition 2016
Eighth edition 2020
Impression: 1
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2019957829
ISBN 9780198841227
ebook ISBN 9780192578167
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Contents
This dictionary was originally derived from the Concise Science Dictionary, first published by Oxford University Press in 1984 (seventh edition, retitled A Dictionary of Science, 2017). It consisted of all the entries relating to chemistry in that dictionary, including those on physical chemistry, as well as many of the terms used in biochemistry. Subsequent editions included special feature articles on important topics as well as several chronologies tracing the history of some topics and short biographical entries on the chemists and other scientists who have been responsible for the development of the subject. For this eighth edition the text has been fully revised and updated, with some entries being substantially expanded. In addition, almost 200 new entries have been added covering all branches of the subject. The coverage of certain fieldsin particular organic chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental chemistryhas been expanded to take account of the most recent developments.
The more physical aspects of physical chemistry and the physics itself will be found in A Dictionary of Physics, which is a companion work to this dictionary. A Dictionary of Biology contains a more thorough coverage of the biophysical and biochemical entries from A Dictionary of Science together with the entries relating to biology.
SI units are used throughout this work and its companion dictionaries.
Using the dictionary
An asterisk placed before a word used in an entry indicates that this word can be looked up in the dictionary to provide further explanation or clarification. Some entries simply refer the reader to another entry, indicating either that they are synonyms or abbreviations or that they are most conveniently explained in one of the dictionarys longer articles or features. Synonyms and abbreviations are usually placed within brackets immediately after the headword. Terms that are explained within an entry are highlighted by being printed in boldface type .
R.R.
2019
List of Entries by Subject
Analytical Chemistry
Atoms and Nuclei
Biochemistry/Molecular Biology
Biographical
Chemical Reactions
Computational, Quantum and Theoretical Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Environmental Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Medical Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Polymers
Solids
Editor for the 7th and 8th editions
Richard Rennie PhD, MSc, BSc
Editor for previous editions
John Daintith BSc, PhD
Market House Books editor
Jonathan Law
Advisers
B. S. Beckett BSc, BPhil, MA (Ed)
R. A. Hands BSc
Michael Lewis MA
Contributors
John Clark BSc
H. M. Clarke MA, MSc
R. Cutler BSc
Derek Cooper PhD, FRIC
D. E. Edwards BSc, MSc
David Eric Ward BSc, MSc, PhD
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. Ab-initio calculations can, for example, be used to determine the bond lengths and bond angles of molecules by calculating the total energy of the molecule for a variety of molecular geometries and finding which conformation has the lowest energy.
; its unit, the kelvin, was formerly called the degree absolute (A) and is the same size as the degree Celsius. In British engineering practice an absolute scale with Fahrenheit-size degrees has been used: this is the Rankine scale.
.
). Two conventions are in use: The d l convention relates the structure of the molecule to some reference molecule. In the case of sugars and similar compounds, the dextrorotatory form of glyceraldehyde (HOCH2CH(OH)CHO), 2,3-dihydroxypropanal) was used. The rule is as follows. Write the structure of this molecule down with the asymmetric carbon in the centre, the CHO group at the top, the OH on the right, the CH2OH at the bottom, and the H on the left. Now imagine that the central carbon atom is at the centre of a tetrahedron with the four groups at the corners and that the H and OH come out of the paper and the CHO and CH2OH groups go into the paper. The resulting three-dimensional structure was taken to be that of