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Frank Lincoln Stevens - Agriculture for Beginners

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AGRICULTURE FOR BEGINNERS BY CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT Editor of the American - photo 1
AGRICULTURE FOR
BEGINNERS
BY
CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT
Editor of the American Agriculturist
formerly Director of Agricultural Experiment Station
Kansas State Agricultural College
FRANK LINCOLN STEVENS
Professor of Plant Pathology, University of Illinois
formerly Teacher of Science in High School
Columbus, Ohio
AND
DANIEL HARVEY HILL
Formerly President of the North Carolina College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts
REVISED EDITION
GINN AND COMPANY
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON
ATLANTA DALLAS COLUMBUS SAN FRANCISCO
COPYRIGHT, 1903, 1904, 1914, BY
CHARLES WILLIAM BURKETT, FRANK LINCOLN STEVENS
AND DANIEL HARVEY HILL
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
329.7
The Athenum Press
GINN AND COMPANY PROPRIETORS BOSTON U.S.A.

GETTING READY FOR WINTER
GETTING READY FOR WINTER

PREFACE
Since its first publication "Agriculture for Beginners" has found a welcome in thousands of schools and homes. Naturally many suggestions as to changes, additions, and other improvements have reached its authors. Naturally, too, the authors have busied themselves in devising methods to add to the effectiveness of the book. Some additions have been made almost every year since the book was published. To embody all these changes and helpful suggestions into a strictly unified volume; to add some further topics and sections; to bring all farm practices up to the ideals of to-day; to include the most recent teaching of scientific investigatorsthese were the objects sought in the thorough revision which has just been given the book. The authors hope and think that the remaking of the book has added to its usefulness and attractiveness.
They believe now, as they believed before, that there is no line of separation between the science of agriculture and the practical art of agriculture. They are assured by the success of this book that agriculture is eminently a teachable subject. They see no difference between teaching the child the fundamental principles of farming and teaching the same child the fundamental truths of arithmetic, geography, or grammar. They hold that a youth should be trained for the farm just as carefully as he is trained for any other occupation, and that it is unreasonable to expect him to succeed without training.
If they are right in these views, the training must begin in the public schools. This is true for two reasons:
1. It is universally admitted that aptitudes are developed, tastes acquired, and life habits formed during the years that a child is in the public school. Hence, during these important years every child intended for the farm should be taught to know and love nature, should be led to form habits of observation, and should be required to begin a study of those great laws upon which agriculture is based. A training like this goes far toward making his life-work profitable and delightful.
2. Most boys and girls reared on a farm get no educational training except that given in the public schools. If, then, the truths that unlock the doors of nature are not taught in the public schools, nature and nature's laws will always be hid in night to a majority of our bread-winners. They must still in ignorance and hopeless drudgery tear their bread from a reluctant soil.
The authors return hearty thanks to Professor Thomas F. Hunt, University of California; Professor Augustine D. Selby, Ohio Experiment Station; Professor W. F. Massey, horticulturist and agricultural writer; and Professor Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Entomologist of North Carolina, for aid in proofreading and in the preparation of some of the material.


CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. THE SOIL
SECTIONPAGE
I.Origin of the Soil
II.Tillage of the Soil
III.The Moisture of the Soil
IV.How the Water rises in the Soil
V.Draining the Soil
VI.Improving the Soil
VII.Manuring the Soil
CHAPTER II. THE SOIL AND THE PLANT
VIII.Roots
IX.How the Plant feeds from the Soil
X.Root-Tubercles
XI.The Rotation of Crops
CHAPTER III. THE PLANT
XII.How the Plant feeds from the Air
XIII.The Sap Current
XIV.The Flower and the Seed
XV.Pollination
XVI.Crosses, Hybrids, and Cross-Pollination
XVII.Propagation by Buds
XVIII.Plant Seeding
XIX.Selecting Seed Corn
XX.Weeds
XXI.Seed Purity and Vitality
CHAPTER IV. HOW TO RAISE A FRUIT TREE
XXII.Grafting
XXIII.Budding
XXIV.Planting and Pruning
CHAPTER V. HORTICULTURE
XXV.Market-gardening
XXVI.Flower-gardening
CHAPTER VI. THE DISEASES OF PLANTS
XXVII.The Cause and Nature of Plant Disease
XXVIII.Yeast and Bacteria
XXIX.Prevention of Plant Disease
XXX.Some Special Plant Diseases
CHAPTER VII. ORCHARD, GARDEN, AND FIELD INSECTS
XXXI.Insects in General
XXXII.Orchard Insects
XXXIII.Garden and Field Insects
XXXIV.The Cotton-Boll Weevil
CHAPTER VIII. FARM CROPS
XXXV.Cotton
XXXVI.Tobacco
XXXVII.Wheat
XXXVIII.Corn
XXXIX.Peanuts
XL.Sweet Potatoes
XLI.White, Or Irish, Potatoes
XLII.Oats
XLIII.Rye
XLIV.Barley
XLV.Sugar Plants
XLVI.Hemp and Flax
XLVII.Buckwheat
XLVIII.Rice
XLIX.The Timber Crop
L.The Farm Garden
CHAPTER IX. FEED STUFFS
LI.Grasses
LII.Legumes
CHAPTER X. DOMESTIC ANIMALS
LIII.Horses
LIV.Cattle
LV.Sheep
LVI.Swine
LVII.Farm Poultry
LVIII.Bee Culture
LIX.Why we feed Animals
CHAPTER XI. FARM DAIRYING
LX.The Dairy Cow
LXI.Milk, Cream, Churning, and Butter
LXII.How Milk sours
LXIII.The Babcock Milk-Tester
CHAPTER XII. MISCELLANEOUS
LXIV.Growing Feed Stuffs on the Farm
LXV.Farm Tools and Machines
LXVI.Liming the Land
LXVII.Birds
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