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Ralph B. Taylor - Community Criminology: Fundamentals of Spatial and Temporal Scaling, Ecological Indicators, and Selectivity Bias

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Community Criminology: Fundamentals of Spatial and Temporal Scaling, Ecological Indicators, and Selectivity Bias: summary, description and annotation

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For close to a century, the field of community criminology has examined the causes and consequences of community crime and delinquency rates. Nevertheless, there is still a lot we do not know about the dynamics behind these connections. In this book, Ralph Taylor argues that obstacles to deepening our understanding of community/crime links arise in part because most scholars have overlooked four fundamental concerns: how conceptual frames depend on the geographic units and/or temporal units used; how to establish the meaning of theoretically central ecological empirical indicators; and how to think about the causes and consequences of non-random selection dynamics.
The volume organizes these four conceptual challenges using a common meta-analytic framework. The framework pinpoints critical features of and gaps in current theories about communities and crime, connects these concerns to current debates in both criminology and the philosophy of social science, and sketches the types of theory testing needed in the future if we are to grow our understanding of the causes and consequences of community crime rates. Taylor explains that a common meta-theoretical frame provides a grammar for thinking critically about current theories and simultaneously allows presenting these four topics and their connections in a unified manner. The volume provides an orientation to current and past scholarship in this area by describing three distinct but related community crime sequences involving delinquents, adult offenders, and victims. These sequences highlight community justice dynamics thereby raising questions about frequently used crime indicators in this area of research. A groundbreaking work melding past scholarly practices in criminology with the fields current needs, Community Criminology is an essential work for criminologists.

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COMMUNITY CRIMINOLOGY
NEW PERSPECTIVES IN CRIME, DEVIANCE, AND LAW SERIES
Edited by John Hagan
Clean Streets: Controlling Crime,
Maintaining Order, and Building
Community Activism
Patrick J. Carr
Gender and Crime: Patterns in
Victimization and Offending
Edited by Karen Heimer and
Candace Kruttschnitt
The Many Colors of Crime:
Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity,
and Crime in America
Edited by Ruth D. Peterson,
Lauren J. Krivo, and John Hagan
Immigration and Crime: Race,
Ethnicity, and Violence
Edited by Ramiro Martinez Jr. and
Abel Valenzuela Jr.
Judging Juveniles: Prosecuting
Adolescents in Adult and
Juvenile Courts
Aaron Kupchik
The Technology of Policing: Crime
Mapping, Information Technology,
and the Rationality of Crime Control
Peter K. Manning
Getting Played: African American
Girls, Urban Inequality, and
Gendered Violence
Jody Miller
Punished: Policing the Lives of Black
and Latino Boys
Victor M. Rios
Toward a Unified Criminology:
Integrating Assumptions about Crime,
People, and Society
Robert Agnew
Punishing Immigrants: Policy, Politics
and Injustice
Edited by Charis E. Kubrin, Marjorie
S. Zatz, and Ramiro Martinez, Jr.
Get a Job: Labor Markets, Economic
Opportunity, and Crime
Robert D. Crutchfield
Americas Safest City: Delinquency and
Modernity in Suburbia
Simon I. Singer
Community Criminology:
Fundamentals of Spatial and Temporal
Scaling, Ecological Indicators, and
Selectivity Bias
Ralph B. Taylor
Community Criminology
Fundamentals of Spatial and Temporal Scaling,
Ecological Indicators, and Selectivity Bias
Ralph B. Taylor
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London wwwnyupressorg 2015 by New - photo 1
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York and London
www.nyupress.org
2015 by New York University
All rights reserved
References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing.
Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Taylor, Ralph B.
Community criminology : fundamentals of spatial and temporal scaling, ecological indicators, and selectivity bias / Ralph B. Taylor.
pages cm. (New perspectives in crime, deviance, and law series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8147-2549-8 (hardback)
1. CrimeSociological aspects. 2. Criminology. 3. Communities. I. Title.
HV6025.T39 2015
364.01dc23 2014028226
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Also available as an ebook
To Michele, of course
Behind all seen things lies something more vast.
Antoine de Saint-Exupry, Wind, Sand and Stars
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This volume owes much to many people. Several colleagues provided wise comments on earlier versions of the manuscript, or portions of it, including John Goldkamp, Liz Groff, John Hipp, John MacDonald, Jerry Ratcliffe, Per-Olof Wikstrom, several anonymous reviewers at NYU Press, and two anonymous reviewers from another publisher. John Goldkamps and Liz Groffs fundamental faith in the worthiness of the overall endeavor even in its earliest, murkiest incarnations meant a lot, as did their specific suggestions. Discussions and collaborations with Per-Olof Wikstrom over the past half-dozen-plus years have contributed enormously to my thinking about many of the topics addressed here. grew from topics we mutually explored and discussed at length. A chance conversation with Joachim Savelsberg and a shared reference opened up a stream of discourse that proved relevant. Paul Russoniello graciously allowed one of his Camden (NJ) photos to grace the cover, his picture raising the question, where did the neighborhood go?
I am beholden to those at NYU Press who supported this project in different waysCaelyn Cobb, Dorothea S. Halliday, Ilene Kalish, and Andrew Katzand John Hagan, who played a key role in greenlighting the project for the NYU series. Ilene Kalishs enthusiasm and encouragement was especially valued.
A one-semester research leave supported by the College of Liberal Arts and Office of the Provost at Temple University proved pivotal in getting this effort under way.
And, in closing, the required disclaimer: all remaining mistakes, omissions, inaccuracies, misinterpretations, inept examples, and any other points or features up with which the reader feels he or she just cannot put, are mine and mine alone.
1
Overview
No social fact makes any sense abstracted from its context in social (and often geographic) space and social time. Social facts are located.
Jim Abbott, 1997
Contextualization and attention to process are necessary in the interest of building bridges between the analysis of abstracted variables and their locations in social time and space.
James S. Short, Jr., 1998
Criminology is a fragmented discipline.... A discipline that is fragmented... is of little help to politicians, policy makers, and practitioners who want to base their policies and interventions on the best available scientific knowledge about crime causation.
Per-Olof Wikstrom, Dietrich Oberwittler, Kyle Treiber, and Beth Hardie, 2012
One Criminology or Many?
The Baskets Question
Is there one criminology, or are there many? Suppose we concentrate just on space. Is there one big basket of theories for people, situations, and geographies at spatial scales small (e.g., addresses) and large (e.g., metropolitan areas)? Or are there many different baskets of theories? If there are many, are the theories in different baskets dissimilar in shape and color? Do scholars using theories from one basket talk to those using theories from another basket? Should a theory developed in one basket be transferred to another? Suppose we think about time and thus crime changes. Again, is there one basket of theories regardless of temporal focus? Or are there many baskets? For example, is there one basket for theories ranging from seconds or minutes up to days, weeks, months, years, and decades? Or are there many baskets with different types of theoriesof different shape, size, color, texture, and so onin different baskets? Are the theories in the basket for short-term ].
For at least two decades, well-known criminologists have worried publicly that theorists have failed to progress toward a criminology integrated across levels of explanation but instead have become progressively isolated [].
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