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Alex Bellos - Heres Looking at Euclid: A Surprising Excursion Through the Astonishing World of Math

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Too often math gets a bad rap, characterized as dry and difficult. But, Alex Bellos says, math can be inspiring and brilliantly creative. Mathematical thought is one of the great achievements of the human race, and arguably the foundation of all human progress. The world of mathematics is a remarkable place.Bellos has traveled all around the globe and has plunged into history to uncover fascinating stories of mathematical achievement, from the breakthroughs of Euclid, the greatest mathematician of all time, to the creations of the Zen master of origami, one of the hottest areas of mathematical work today. Taking us into the wilds of the Amazon, he tells the story of a tribe there who can count only to five and reports on the latest findings about the math instinctincluding the revelation that ants can actually count how many steps theyve taken. Journeying to the Bay of Bengal, he interviews a Hindu sage about the brilliant mathematical insights of the Buddha, while in Japan he visits the godfather of Sudoku and introduces the brainteasing delights of mathematical games.Exploring the mysteries of randomness, he explains why it is impossible for our iPods to truly randomly select songs. In probing the many intrigues of that most beloved of numbers, pi, he visits with two brothers so obsessed with the elusive number that they built a supercomputer in their Manhattan apartment to study it. Throughout, the journey is enhanced with a wealth of intriguing illustrations, such as of the clever puzzles known as tangrams and the crochet creation of an American math professor who suddenly realized one day that she could knit a representation of higher dimensional space that no one had been able to visualize. Whether writing about how algebra solved Swedish traffic problems, visiting the Mental Calculation World Cup to disclose the secrets of lightning calculation, or exploring the links between pineapples and beautiful teeth, Bellos is a wonderfully engaging guide who never fails to delight even as he edifies. Heres Looking at Euclid is a rare gem that brings the beauty of math to life.

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HERES LOOKING AT EUCLID A SURPRISING EXCURSION THROUGH THE ASTONISHING WORLD - photo 1

HERES
LOOKING AT
EUCLID

A SURPRISING EXCURSION THROUGH THE ASTONISHING WORLD OF MATH Alex Bellos - photo 2

A SURPRISING EXCURSION
THROUGH THE ASTONISHING
WORLD OF MATH

Alex Bellos A Division of Simon Schuster Inc 1230 Avenue of the - photo 3

Alex Bellos

A Division of Simon Schuster Inc 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York NY - photo 4

Picture 5

A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
www.SimonandSchuster.com

Copyright 2010 by Alex Bellos

All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or
portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information address
Free Press Subsidiary Rights Department,
1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

First Free Press hardcover edition June 2010

FREE PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

For information about special discounts for bulk purchases,
please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at
1-866-506-1949 or business@simonandschuster.com.

The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors
to your live event. For more information or to book an event
contact the Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau at 1-866-248-3049
or visit our website at www.simonspeakers.com.

Designed by Julie Schroeder

Manufactured in the United States of America

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bellos, Alex, 1969
Heres looking at Euclid : a surprising excursion
through the astonishing world of math /
Alex Bellos.Free Press hardcover ed.
p. cm.
1. Number concept. 2. Numeracy.
3. Numbers, RationalSocial aspects. I. Title.
QA141.15.B35 2010

513dc22 2009036815

ISBN 978-1-4165-8825-2
ISBN 978-1-4165-9634-9 (ebook)

To my mother and father

CONTENTS

In which the author tries to find out where numbers come from, since they havent been around that long. He meets a man who has lived in the jungle and a chimpanzee who has always lived in the city.

In which the author learns about the tyranny of ten, and the revolutionaries plotting its downfall. He goes to an after-school club in Tokyo where the pupils learn to calculate by thinking about beads.

In which the author almost changes his name because the disciple of a Greek cult leader says he must. Instead, he follows the instructions of another Greek thinker, dusts off his compass and folds two business cards into a tetrahedron.

In which the author travels to India for an audience with a Hindu seer. He discovers some very slow methods of arithmetic and some very fast ones.

In which the author is in Germany to witness the worlds fastest mental multiplication. It is a roundabout way to begin telling the story of circles, a transcendental tale that leads him to a New York sofa.

In which the author explains why numbers are good but letters are better. He visits a man in the English countryside who collects slide rules and hears the tragic tale of their demise. Includes an exposition of logarithms and how to make a superegg.

In which the author is on a mathematical puzzle quest. He investigates the legacy of two Chinese menone was a dim-witted recluse and the other fell off the earthand then flies to Oklahoma to meet a magician.

In which the author is first confronted with the infinite. He encounters an unstoppable snail and a devilish family of numbers.

In which the author meets a Londoner with a claw who claims to have discovered the secret of beautiful teeth.

In which the author remembers the dukes of hasard and goes gambling in Reno. He takes a walk through randomness and ends up in an office block in Newport Beachwhere, if he looked across the ocean, he might be able to spot a lottery winner on a desert island in the South Pacific.

In which the authors farinaceous overindulgence is an attempt to savor the birth of statistics.

In which the author terminates his journey with potato chips and crochet. Hes looking at Euclid, again, and then at a hotel with an infinite number of rooms that cannot cope with a sudden influx of guests.

PREFACE

As a kid I liked math and I liked writing. So when I was a teenager it seemed totally in keeping with both passions to go up to university to study mathematics and philosophy, a joint course with one foot in science and the other in the liberal arts. At university, however, I spent most of my time involved with the student paper. While I was an undergrad I also managed to get some stories published in the British national press, including one, in the London Guardian, about why math was cool. It was the first time I wrote an article about math and the last for almost twenty years.

After graduating, I became a journalist. I felt I was abandoning the world of numbers in order to embrace the world of letters. I worked for an evening paper in Brighton, England, then for several papers in London, and eventually I became a foreign correspondent in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Occasionally my mathematically trained brain was helpful, such as when finding the U.S. state whose area was closest to the most recently deforested swath of Amazon jungle, or when calculating exchange rates during various currency crises. But essentially, it felt very much as if I had left math behind.

Then, a few years ago, I returned home to the U.K. not knowing what I wanted to do next. For a while I sold T-shirts of Brazilian footballers; I started a blog; I toyed with the idea of importing tropical fruit. Nothing worked out. During this process of reassessment, however, I decided to look again at the subject that had consumed me for so much of my youth, and it was there that I found the spark of inspiration that led me to write this book.

Entering the world of math as an adult was very different from entering it as a child, when the requirement to pass exams means that often the really engrossing stuff is passed over. Now I was free to wander down avenues just because they sounded curious and interesting. I learned about ethnomathematics, the study of how different cultures approach math, and about how math has been shaped by religion. I became intrigued by recent work in behavioral psychology and neuroscience that is piecing together exactly why and how the brain thinks of numbers.

I realized I was behaving just like a foreign correspondent on assignment, except that my destination was an abstract one, the world of mathematics.

My journey soon became geographical, since I wanted to experience math in action. So, I flew to India to learn how the country invented zero, one of the greatest intellectual breakthroughs in human history. I booked myself into a megacasino in Reno to see firsthand how probability underlies the gambling industry. And in Japan, I met the worlds most numerate chimpanzee.

As my research progressed, I found myself in the strange position of being both an expert and a nonspecialist at the same time. Relearning school math was like reacquainting myself with old friends, but there were many friends of friends I had never met back then, and there are also a lot of new kids on the block. Before I wrote this book, for example, I was unaware that for hundreds of years there have been campaigns to introduce two new numbers to our ten-number system. I didnt realize that origami is a

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