Table of Contents
Guide
Page List
How
Birds
Fly
BY EMMA HUDDLESTON
CONTENT CONSULTANT
DAVID HU, PHD
PROFESSOR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GEORGIA TECH
An Imprint of Abdo Publishing
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Published by Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO, PO Box 398166, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55439. Copyright 2021 by Abdo
Consulting Group, Inc. International copyrights reserved in all countries. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the publisher. Kids Core is a trademark and logo of Abdo Publishing.
Printed in the United States of America, North Mankato, Minnesota
022020
092020
Cover Photo: Dennis Jacobsen/Shutterstock Images
Interior Photos: Phoo Chan/Shutterstock Images, 45; Targn Pleiades/Shutterstock Images, 7; Shutterstock Images, 9, 17, 18,
20, 29 (top); Ken Canning/iStockphoto, 10; Bachkova Natalia/Shutterstock Images, 1213; Steve Byland/Shutterstock Images,
15; Red Line Editorial, 16; Natalia Paklina/Shutterstock Images, 19; Abdul Rauf Khan/Shutterstock Images, 2223; Nick Vorobey/
Shutterstock Images, 25; Ondrej Prosicky/Shutterstock Images, 26; Don Mammoser/Shutterstock Images, 2829; DMS Foto/
Shutterstock Images, 29 (bottom)
Editor: Marie Pearson
Series Designer: Ryan Gale
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019954242
Publishers Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Huddleston, Emma, author.
Title: How birds fly / by Emma Huddleston
Description: Minneapolis, Minnesota : Abdo Publishing, 2021 | Series: The science of animal movement | Includes online resources
and index.
Identifiers: ISBN 9781532192920 (lib. bdg.) | ISBN 9781644944318 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781098210823 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Childrens questions and answers--Juvenile literature. | Birds--Flight--Juvenile literature. | Science--Examinations,
questions, etc--Juvenile literature. | Habits and behavior--Juvenile literature.
Classification: DDC 500--dc23
CONTENTS
Red-tailed hawks live in
North America.
CHAPTER
Moving
through
the Air
A red-tailed hawk sits on a tree
branch. With a few powerful
beats of its wings, the hawk takes
flight. It keeps flapping its wings
to fly through the air. Then it spots
a mouse on the ground.
The hawk flies in a circle, dips one of its
wings, and folds both wings slightly back. Its tail
is fanned out for steering. The hawk dives down
to snatch up its prey.
Wing Shape and Body Size
A birds wing shape and body size tell about its
lifestyle. Hawks and other birds of prey often
have wings that come to a point at the tips.
The slots between feathers help them glide.
The feathers catch rising warm air. This keeps
the bird in the air. The birds can also twist
and move between trees to hunt or to escape
being hunted.
Birds of prey such as kites can make sharp turns.
Small birds such as sparrows tend to have
pointed wings that are as big as their bodies.
Their wings are strong and quick. They can flit
from branch to branch and avoid predators.
Other birds with wings much longer than their
bodies glide through the air. They dont beat
their wings often or fly at high speeds. Flapping
such large wings takes a lot of energy. Gliding
is easier.
Flying Smart
Birds can sense when the air
temperature or wind changes.
They stay safe by flying low when
rain or storms are coming. When the
weather is clear, they fly higher.
Although the kori bustard can fly, it spends most of its
time on the ground.
Scientists think there are about
18,000 species of birds. The heaviest flying bird
is the kori bustard. It lives in southern Africa and
can weigh up to 42 pounds (19 kg).
Hummingbirds are some of the few birds that can
hover in place.
The smallest flying bird is the bee
hummingbird. It is only 2 inches (5 cm) long.
It weighs 0.07 ounces (1.95 g). That is about as
heavy as two large paperclips. Science explains
how birds big and small can fly through
the skies.
Explore Online
Visit the website below. Did you learn
any new information about red-tailed
hawks that wasnt in Chapter One?
Red-Tailed Hawk
abdocorelibrary.com/how-birds-fly
Lightweight bodies make it
easier for birds to fly.
CHAPTER
Pushing
against
Gravity
There are many forces at
work when a bird flies. Gravity
is a force that pulls objects
down to Earth. It takes more
energy to lift heavy objects
against gravity than light ones.
Birds bodies are lightweight.
They have thin bones and fewer organs than
some other land animals.
Being light is not the only reason birds can
fly. They need other forces to keep them in the
sky. The shape of their bodies helps them use
those forces.
Takeoff
Birds often use their surroundings to
start flying. They may drop from nests
or jump from tree branches. Birds that
live in water habitats often kick their
legs to push off from the water into the
air. For example, the noisy, splashing
takeoff of swans shows them working
hard to get into the air.
Birds create thrust by flapping their wings.
Into the Air
Thrust is one of the forces that help birds fly.
Thrust causes an object to travel forward.
Birds use their muscles to flap their wings. This
creates thrust.
Wings and Lift
Wing
Wing
Lifts Up
Air Flow
The shape of a birds wing pushes air flowing under the wing
downward. This causes the wing to move upward, in the
opposite direction of the air.
To stay in the air, birds need another force.
This force is called lift. It is caused by air flowing
past a birds wings. Air may look empty. But it
is filled with particles , or tiny pieces of things
Like a parachute, a birds wings catch air.
usually too small to be seen. Those particles
help a bird fly.
A birds wings angle downward in the back.
The birds forward movement forces air flowing
under the wing downward.
When a bird flaps
downward, it pushes
more air than if it held
its wings still.
The air moving under the wing creates a
force that pushes the bird upward. Flapping
pushes even more air under the wings.
Birds with long wings can create a lot of lift.
Their wings push a lot of air downward. The
wandering albatross has the longest wingspan.
Its wingspan is up to 11.8 feet (3.6 m) wide. The
bird can travel thousands of miles by soaring .
The wandering albatross is a seabird. It soars over
the open ocean.
Vultures soar for long periods of time as they look
for food.
Soaring is when a bird flies without flapping
its wings. The warm air currents under its wings
support it. Soaring is helpful for large birds
because a heavy bird uses lots of energy to fly.
Primary
Source
Scientist Michael Habib explains how body size
and weight determine how a bird flies:
Large flyers typically cant [keep] flapping
for long periods.... They are usually soaring
animals, which means that they use... other
energy sources to stay aloft for long periods
of time.
Source: Ella Davies. The Biggest Beast That Ever Flew.