George J. Hademenos - McGraw-Hills MCAT Flashcards

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NOTE The chapter citations at the bottom of the backs of these flashcards refer to chapters in the relevant sections of McGraw-Hills MCAT: Medical College Admission Test by George J.

Hademenos, Candice J. McCloskey, Shaun Murphree, Jennifer M. Warner, and Kathy A. Zahler (McGraw-Hill, 2010).

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endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum A maze-like complex of double membranes in the cytoplasm of a cell, acting as a system of internal channels through which various materials move Chapter 1 The Cell lysosomelysosome A cytoplasmic organelle rich in hydrolytic enzymes that breaks down nutrients and foreign substances Chapter 1 The Cell mitochondrionmitochondrion A self-replicating cytoplasmic organelle, called the powerhouse of the cell, the site of Krebs cycle activity and the cytochrome system. Chapter 1 The Cell fluid-mosaic modelfluid-mosaic model A model used to depict the structure of the cell membrane as being composed of a phospholipid bilayer anchored to the cell via cytoskeleton fibers. Chapter 1 The Cell fluid-mosaic modelfluid-mosaic model A model used to depict the structure of the cell membrane as being composed of a phospholipid bilayer anchored to the cell via cytoskeleton fibers.

Proteins are embedded in the interior of the membrane to regulate its fluidity. Chapter 1 The Cell enzymeenzyme A protein that catalyzes or speeds up a biochemical reaction without being changed during the reaction Chapter 2 Enzymes, Energy, and Cellular Metabolism adenosine triphosphate (ATP)adenosine triphosphate (ATP) A molecular source of energy for cells that consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups (PO4) Chapter 2 Enzymes, Energy, and Cellular Metabolism glycolysisglycolysis The initial step in both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose is broken down and small amounts of ATP are generated. Chapter 2 Enzymes, Energy, and Cellular Metabolism Krebs cycleKrebs cycle The major aerobic pathway for oxidative degradation of the products of glycolysis that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Also referred to as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Chapter 2 Enzymes, Energy, and Cellular Metabolism electron transport chainelectron transport chain A series of respiratory pigments of the mitochondrion that function as a bucket brigade for the passage of electrons from reduced coenzymes (NADH, FADH2) to oxygen.

It occurs in the cristae membrane of mitochondria. Chapter 2 Enzymes, Energy, and Cellular Metabolism DNADNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) A double-stranded helical molecule that is a constituent of chromosomes. It contains genetic information coded in specific sequences of its nucleotides. Chapter 3 DNA Structure, Replication, and Technology chromosomechromosome The nucleo-protein structure that contains the hereditary units known as genes Chapter 3 DNA Structure, Replication, and Technology transcriptiontranscription The first step in protein synthesis, involving the production of mRNA from DNA. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus. Chapter 4 Protein Synthesis translationtranslation The second step in protein synthesis, where the codons on the mRNA are read and the appropriate amino acids needed to produce the protein are assembled.

Translation occurs in the cell cytoplasm. Chapter 4 Protein Synthesis codoncodon A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a single amino acid Chapter 4 Protein Synthesis Mendels law of segregationMendels law of segregation A basic law of genetics, stating the following: 1. For every given trait, an individual inherits two alleles for the trait, one from each parent. 2. As an individual produces egg and sperm cells (gametes), the two alleles segregate so that each gamete contains only a single allele per trait.

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