Carolyn Wheater - Practice Makes Perfect Basic Math Review and Workbook

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In the middle of the 20th century, the terms numeracy and innumeracy entered into our vocabulary. The words were coined as parallels to literacy and illiteracy, the ability or inability to read and write at a level adequate to function in society. Numeracy was used to mean a numerical literacy, a competence with the basic mathematics that you need to function in the modern world. When some people hear a phrase like basic mathematics, they think it just refers to simple arithmetic. Thats not the case at all.

A numerically literate person can do arithmetic, of course, but also understands our number system, has a sense of geometric and spatial relationships, and can intelligently analyze the flood of numerical information all around us. Practice Makes Perfect: Basic Math gives you the opportunity to strengthen your essential mathematical skills by review and practice. Literate people not only can read; they do read. They practice the skills over and over again, day after day. Numeracy, mathematical literacy, also requires that you exercise the mental muscles that you use to calculate, to determine relationships, and to make sense of the data you encounter. Like any skill, basic mathematics needs to be practiced.

The exercises in this book are designed to help you acquire and develop the skills you need to be mathematically literate. With patience and practice, youll find that youve assembled an impressive set of tools and that youre confident about your ability to use them properly. You must keep working at it, bit by bit. Be patient. You will make mistakes, but mistakes are one of the ways we learn, so welcome your mistakes.

Just as every culture evolves its own language, different societies at different points in history have had different ways of writing and thinking about numbers. Just as every culture evolves its own language, different societies at different points in history have had different ways of writing and thinking about numbers.

Youve probably had some experience with Roman numerals, if only for dates on cornerstones, but for day-to-day use in arithmetic, youre far more comfortable with the numerals that come from Hindu and Arab mathematics. As opposed to the Mayan system of numeration based on 20, or some other ancient systems with other bases, our system is based on 10s, with the 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 (unlike the Babylonian system with symbols only for 1 and 10). Its a place value system, meaning that the position of the digit within the number affects its value. The 7 in 57 is worth less than the 7 in 87,345, because theyre in different places.

The number system we use today didnt suddenly appear one day, fully formed. It developed and grew in response to peoples need to count, to measure, and to evaluate different things.

The natural numbers, or counting numbers, are just that: numbers used for counting. The natural numbers include 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on, and go on without end. You might notice there is no zero. If you dont have anything, you dont have to count it, so zero isnt a counting number. Once you start counting, however, you pretty quickly want a zero, so if you add zero to the natural numbers, you have what are called the whole numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. Once you can count whole things, you find yourself wanting to talk about parts of things, so you start to need