Kathleen Deska Pagana PhD RN - Mosbys Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference, 11e

Mosbys Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference

Eleventh Edition

KATHLEEN DESKA PAGANA, PhD, RN

Professor Emeritus, Department of Nursing, Lycoming College, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, http://www.KathleenPagana.com

President, Pagana Keynotes & Presentations

TIMOTHY J. PAGANA, MD, FACS

Medical Director, The Kathryn Candor Lundy Breast Health Center and The SurgiCenter, Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport, Pennsylvania

MOSBY

Table of Contents

Copyright

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MOSBYS DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY TEST REFERENCE, 11TH ED.

ISBN: 978-0-323-08468-0

Copyright 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publishers permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notice

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

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ISBN: 978-0-323-08468-0

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Dedication

We dedicate this book to

Arthur Stanley Deska.

July 1, 1924February 29, 2012

Art was a World War II veteran who served in the Pacific. In him, we saw courage, dedication, kindness, and gentleness. These are important qualities for all healthcare providers.

Art was an uncle, friend, and great role model. His life was filled with love for his wife, Ida Mae, his family, and the many abandoned animals that he took in and cared for with compassion. He will be sadly missed, but will always serve as a wonderful example as we care for the sick.

preface

The 11th edition of Mosbys Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference provides the user with an up-to-date, essential reference that allows easy access to clinically relevant laboratory and diagnostic tests. A unique feature of this handbook is its consistent format, which allows for quick reference without sacrificing the depth of detail necessary for a thorough understanding of diagnostic and laboratory testing. All tests begin on a new page and are listed in alphabetical order by their complete names. The alphabetical format is a strong feature of the book; it allows the user to locate tests quickly without first having to place them in an appropriate category or body system. The Users Guide to Test Preparation and Procedures section outlines the responsibilities of healthcare providers to ensure that the tests are accurately and safely performed. Use of this guide should eliminate the need for test repetition resulting from problems with patient preparation, test procedures, or collection techniques. Every feature of this book is designed to provide pertinent information in a sequence that best simulates priorities in the clinical setting.

The following information is provided, wherever applicable, for effective diagnostic and laboratory testing:

Name of test. Tests are listed by their complete names. A complete list of abbreviations and alternate test names follows each main entry.

Type of test. This section identifies whether the test is, for example, an x-ray procedure, ultrasound, nuclear scan, blood test, urine test, sputum test, or microscopic examination of tissue. This section helps the reader identify the source of the laboratory specimen or location of the diagnostic procedure.

Normal findings. Where applicable, normal values are listed for the infant, child, adult, and elderly person. Also, where appropriate, values are separated into male and female. It is important to realize that normal ranges of laboratory tests vary from institution to institution. This variability is even more obvious among the various laboratory textbooks. For this reason, we have deliberately chosen not to add a table of normal values as an appendix, and we encourage the user to check the normal values at the institution where the test is performed. This should be relatively easy because laboratory reports include normal values. Results are given in both conventional units and the International System of Units (SI units) where possible.

Possible critical values. These values give an indication of results that are well outside the normal range. These results require physician notification and usually result in some type of intervention. The Joint Commission is looking at the timely and reliable communication of critical laboratory values as one of its patient safety goals.

Test explanation and related physiology. This section provides a concise yet comprehensive description of each test. It includes fundamental information about the test itself, specific indications for the test, how the test is performed, what disease or disorder the various results may show, how it will affect the patient or client, and relevant pathophysiology that will enhance understanding of the test.