Agnes Winter - Sheep Health, Husbandry and Disease: A Photographic Guide

Whether you have a flock of 2,000 sheep or simply two pet sheep, they are an endlessly fascinating, rewarding but sometimes frustrating species to keep. The large variety of breeds in the UK means that there is one or more suitable for every situation, from the lush pastures in the lowlands to the high mountains in the west and north of the country. The introduction of a variety of continental breeds has widened the choice even further, and some of these now play a very important role in the sheep industry. Each breed has its enthusiasts , but for the purist there is nothing better than keeping an indigenous breed that has been developed over centuries to fit the particular geographical and climatic area in which you live. However, the objective of keeping most flocks is to make a living, and crossbreds often make a large contribution here. Whatever breed or cross you choose to keep and for whatever reason, we hope that this book provides information of relevance and interest to you.

The aim is to take the reader through the annual production cycle of the sheep flock, covering common husbandry tasks, problems and diseases with the aid of photographs wherever possible. The idea is not to do this in great detail other books are available where in-depth husbandry or veterinary information is required but rather, to give an overview in the hope that it will particularly appeal to aspiring or inexperienced sheep keepers, agriculture and veterinary students, although we also hope that it will be of interest to more experienced shepherds and veterinary surgeons, too.

Similarly we have not attempted to cover every possible situation or disease, rather to highlight those that are most common. It is often said that it is every sheeps ambition to die, but this is really not the case! We hope we have succeeded in helping to show how sheep can be kept healthy, productive and of high welfare status, along with the options available if problems do arise. Throughout the book we emphasize the need to consult experts, your vet or other sheep specialist , to help prevent problems and to assist when things go wrong.

A big part of preventing problems and improving management and welfare for both the shepherd and the flock is to plan in advance. This should be done with the help of your vet or other adviser before the beginning of the breeding cycle by the construction of a flock health plan, covering the whole year, making sure that all the key areas we have identified in this book are considered and included. Each flock is different, so there is no generic plan that fits all, and any plan should be revised each year in the light of experience.

We would like to thank the many sheep farmers and friends who have allowed us to take photographs or helped in other ways. In particular we would like to thank Judith Charnley, Dianna Bowles, Alex Crossley, Peter Blythe, John Parry, Laura Mason, Nigel Jones and Rob Pearson.

Agnes Winter, Clare Phythian May 2010

To some people the title of this first chapter might suggest that it is just concerned with fencing, keeping your sheep in and other peoples out. Of course this is an important part of managing flocks that are kept on enclosed land, but flock security has a much wider meaning, encompassing all the precautions that should be taken to minimize the introduction of costly infectious diseases.

Types of Flock

Flocks can be simplistically classified according to how they are managed, together with the associated disease risks.

Closed purebred flocks: Closed flocks breed their own replacements and have no contact with sheep in other flocks. In most of these flocks there will be the occasional purchase of new rams, and these are the risky animals as far as possible disease introduction is concerned .

Lowland flocks of crossbred ewes: These include Mules, Welsh or Scotch halfbreds, and Greyfaces or other recognized crosses. Unless a hill flock to breed these is in the same ownership, young replacement ewes are likely to be purchased every year, meaning annual opportunities for disease introduction. Terminal sire breed rams (such as Texel, Suffolk and Charollais) are also likely to be purchased annually.

Purebred isolated hill flocks: These graze extensively, but are prevented from mixing with other flocks by fencing or natural geographic features. These flocks may also make occasional purchases of rams, which pose a potential risk.

Hill flocks that graze extensively on land with access by several flocks: These are at risk of picking up disease from each other, and unless there is cooperation from all flock owners involved, it can be extremely difficult to control infectious disease, particularly sheep scab.

Store lamb finishing flocks: In such flocks weaned lambs may be purchased from many sources and mixed together, creating the perfect opportunity for disease spread.

Fig. 2 Closed purebred flocks should be able to achieve high health status, but beware of the risks in bringing in new rams.

Fig. 3 Double fencing makes sure that a closed flock cannot contact neighbouring animals, and keeps stray sheep out.

Fig. 4 Mule ewes with their lambs. This type of ewe is bought in from flocks that breed them by crossing hill ewes with Bluefaced Leicester rams.