J. Glenn Songer - Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and Fungal Agents of Animal Disease

Veterinary Microbiology

Bacterial and Fungal Agents of Animal Disease

1st ed.

J. Glenn Songer, PhD, Professor

Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Karen W. Post, DVM, MS, Diplomate, Veterinary Bacteriologist

American College of Veterinary Microbiologists

North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina

Saunders

Contributors

Patrick F. McDermott, PhD
Research Microbiologist, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland

Robert D. Walker, MS, PhD
Director, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland

David G. White, MS, PhD
Research Microbiologist, Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, Maryland

Copyright

ELSEVIER SAUNDERS

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VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY: BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL AGENTS OF ANIMAL DISEASE

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Copyright 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Notice

Veterinary medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the author assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication.

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Acquisitions Editor: Anthony J. Winkel

Developmental Editor: Shelly Dixon

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Senior Project Manager: Anne Altepeter

Senior Designer: Amy Buxton

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Dedication

To my parents, Joe and Bettie Songer. With me and their other children, they have been uncompromisingly insistent upon achievement according to ability, and have settled for nothing less in their own lives. I saw early in life the value of this as a personal philosophy, learning only later the cost of living it in daily practice. I admire them for their persistence through thick and thin.

J. Glenn Songer

To Professor Gerald Wilt, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, my major professor, mentor, and friend. His love for veterinary bacteriology was contagious. I also owe a debt of gratitude to my mother, Doris Weden, for her life of love and support.

Karen W. Post

Preface

Microbiologists seldom speak of their work in such literary terms, but if pressed (or, in some cases, sufficiently plied with drink), most would accept the truth of the concept.

Infectious diseases in domestic animals have been documented, with greater or lesser clarity, for millennia. One of our professors told us that the first veterinary school was founded centuries ago specifically to deal with what we now know as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. This may be apocryphal, but I hope it is true, if only because it strengthens my argument: veterinary infectious diseases, old and new, are constants, despite changes in animals and their genetics, changes in production methods, better understanding of the need and methods for sanitation, and development and application of vaccines and antimicrobials.

We hope that others will as well.

We have put our best efforts into ensuring the accuracy of the content of this book. Wherever possible, we have updated the taxonomy of the various bacteria and fungi. We have attempted to include the latest information about pathogenesis and diagnosis, with allowances for the primary context of this book, which is in the microbiology curriculum of veterinary colleges. We welcome the critical comments and especially the effusive praise of our readers.

J. GLENN. SONGER, KAREN W. POST

Zinsser H: Rats, lice, and history, Boston, 1934, Little, Brown.

Acknowledgments

This book would not have been possible without the contributions of others. It is based upon the findings of many bacteriologists and mycologists working in research and diagnostics in veterinary and human medical arenas. Photographs provided generously by many of these individuals open a window on the power and stark beauty of microbial interactions with hosts. My daughter, Ashley E. Harmon, patiently tolerated my intrusions into her life as a professional graphic designer, beginning with my incredibly rough drafts and suffering through multiple revisions, to provide the illustrations. Special thanks to Patrick F. McDermott, Robert D. Walker, and David G. White, who made substantial contributions to the chapter on antimicrobials and chemotherapy. Shelly Dixon has proved to be professional in handling the manuscript and illustrations, and almost supernaturally patient with two authors who have been habitually behind schedule. She deserves more credit for the completion of this volume than she is likely to receive. Finally, Durrae Johaneks copy editing ran many inconsistencies to ground, and Anne Altepeters project management put a final gloss on the entire manuscript. Our sincere thanks to one and all.

SECTION 1

BASICS OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY

Chapter 1 Origin and Evolution of Virulence

Virulence, simply defined, is microbial specialization that facilitates replication in hosts. The resulting damage to the host may be so minimal that it yields no clinical signs, or so great that it results in death. Host and pathogen are often equal players in the initiation, progression, and outcome of the encounter, and are in ceaseless evolutionary conflict.