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Vladyslav V. Goncharuk - Drinking Water: Physics, Chemistry and Biology

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Book:
Drinking Water: Physics, Chemistry and Biology
Author:
Vladyslav V Goncharuk
Publisher:
Springer
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Books / Children
Year:
2014
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This book takes a broad and eclectic view of the water that all humanity depends upon, probing its role in human life and in the history of our planet, as well as surveying the latest scientific understanding of purification techniques and standards for the protection of water quality.

The volume opens with a chapter on the role of drinking water in human life, which discusses the planets water resources, the quality of drinking water, water and health, the advent of water quality standards, Green chemistry and more. The chapter concludes by discussing the relationship of the biosphere and human civilization. Chapter Two explores the unique properties of water, the role of water in the scenario of development on Earth. Also covered is the current understanding of the importance of the isotopic composition of water, in particular the ratio of protium to deuterium, which is fundamental to life. The third chapter is devoted to Water Clusters, examining the structure, properties and formation of clusters. Also covered here is theoretical research on the interaction of water clusters with ozone, the impact of temperature on water clusters and more. Chapter Four is devoted to drinking water and factors affecting its quality. Discussion includes ecological and hygienic classification of centralized drinking water supply sources, water quality requirements, and problems and potentialities of drinking water preparation. The author introduces a new concept for supplying the population with high-quality drinking water. The fifth chapter examines the peculiarities and problems of water decontamination, with sections on chlorination, ozonation, the bactericidal effects of ultrasound and ultraviolet rays and more. Chapter Six offers a thorough exploration of the theory, means and methods of bio testing as an evaluation method for the quality of drinking water. The final chapter discusses new state standards for drinking water, as well as requirements and methods of quality control.

The concluding selection relates the urgent need to measure, evaluate and protect the quality of drinking water and describes a new state standard of drinking water quality.

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

Vladyslav V. Goncharuk Drinking Water 10.1007/978-3-319-04334-0_1

1. Role of Water in Human Life

Vladyslav V. Goncharuk 1

(1)

Institute of Colloid and Water Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Vladyslav V. Goncharuk

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Abstract

The challenging analysis of the sustainable development of civilization in the twenty-first century has been delivered. The issues of the water influence on global ecological and climate processes have been discussed. It has been examined that water is the buffer of the planet and its immune system. It has been revealed a relationship between the quality of drinking water and the level of intellectual development of a person, and his/her health. The ways to maintain stable development of water ecosystems have been identified. Current problems related to the quality of drinking water worldwide have been highlighted. The problems of getting physiologically and genetically safe drinking water, and also peculiarities and disinfection problems of drinking and bottled water have been covered. In the context of particular magnitude of the drinking water quality a detailed analysis of the sources conditions of drinking water supplies has been affected.

Keywords

Ecosystem Sources of drinking water supply Quality of drinking water Physiologically safe drinking water Bottled water Toxicants Micromycetes Disinfection

1.1 Water Resources of the Planet and Their Quality

The bulk of the planets water is concentrated in the seas and oceans and constitutes around 1,350 million km3. This is salt water, with an average mineralization of 35.0 g/l, which makes it unsuitable not only for drinking, but also for agriculture needs. Fresh water is localized mainly on the North and South poles, and in the mountains in the form of glaciers. This resource constitutes 3050 million km3. However, this source of fresh water is almost unobtainable for human use.

The earths rivers and lakes contain about 0.4 million km3 of fresh water that is accessible for mankind. Subterranean regions of the planet have substantial stocks of water, mainly saline and salt ones. At a depth of 800 m and up to 1,600 m the water resource constitutes around 4 million km3.

Thus, our planet has only 3 % of fresh water of its total amount, with its bulk in the pack ice of the Arctic and Antarctic. The resources of fresh water accessible to human constitute only 0.06 %, or 0.8 million km3.

At present, more than 40 countries of the world experience an absolute water deficiency (e.g. the Near East, Africa, Indochina, and Australia). A fifth of the population in Europe and the Americas drink contaminated water, which does not meet international standards criterion. According to World Health Organization (WHO) official data, around 80 % of human diseases around the globe are related to the consumption of low-quality drinking water [].

The first attempts to establish priorities for conservation and functioning resilient natural resources were defined in the documents of the United Nations (UN) Conference in Rio-de-Janeiro (June 1992) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg Johannesburg Agreement on Sustainable Development (August 2002) []. This is a humane statement is unfortunately not supported by any specific actions. An ill-advised economy, the pursuit of profits without accounting for ecological problems, and the harsh competitive struggle of monopolies has resulted in the majority of surface and underground drinking water supply sources being depleted and heavily polluted. As a result, polluted water penetrates rivers, seas, and oceans. A fourfold increase of the world population within twentieth century alonefrom 1.5 to 6 billion people has dramatically exacerbated this deficiency of fresh water, which is used not only for drinking purposes, but also for industrial activity. All of this combined has resulted in the worsening of the global ecological situation.

Artesian groundwater is a source of drinking water that is reliably protected from human impacts. We currently know of more than 150 different types of freshwater and saline drinking water treatment.

The most abundant impurities in underground water are two-valence iron and manganese, fluorine ions, nitrates, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hardness, and an increased salt content. Normally, these impurities substantially exceed maximum allowable concentrations for drinking water. Their presence is caused by natural factors of a geological nature. At the same time, one has to remember that high-quality water for human health should contain a wide spectrum of micro-impurities, vitally important, biologically active elements, and natural organic compounds. It is these compounds dissolving in water that provides its taste, smell, transparency and physiological properties.

Surface level fresh water are the second most common source of the drinking water supply. However, the global nature of human activities in the twentieth century in terms of industrial development, progress in agriculture, transportation, urban utilities, the formation of megalopolises, and the growth of cities and settlements resulted in the wide-scale pollution and contamination of surface water. The composition of wastewater is constantly changing due to the synthesis of new chemical substances, often possessing toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. This created biologically difficult to remove, which effectively rules out the possibility of natural and inherent self-purification of water bodies.

One can identify the following most hazardous types of pollutants entering the environment which eventually affect the water supply:

Chemical pollutants
- Inorganic compounds
  - Heavy metal ions
  - Salts
  - Toxic, biologically active substances
- Organic compounds
  - Oil products
  - Phenols
  - Pesticides
  - Surface active substances
  - Chlorine-containing compounds
  - Xenobiotics
Bactericidal and viral pollutants;
Radioactive substances of natural and anthropogenic origin
- Isotopes of elements;
Mutagenic compounds of organic and inorganic origin;
Mycotic pollutants.

Seas and oceans may serve also as the source of drinking water supply. It is known that the average salt content in water constitutes about 35 g/l. It is natural that such water cannot be used for drinking. There are various approaches intended to desalinate water. In practice, desalinization technologies such as distillation, membrane, and electrochemical methods are used.

Advantages and drawbacks of water desalination by reverse osmosis for drinking water purposes

Desalination of sea (ocean) water is one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy. The introduction of reverse osmosis technology has had a big impact on the rapid development of desalination. Reverse osmosis is used for water treatment and purification of drinking water from heavy metals, nitrates, nitrites, surfactants, phenols, hardness, organic and microbiological contaminants, and organochlorine compounds.

At present, this is method in one of the most popular methods of purifying drinking water, including artesian well water for the industrial production of bottled drinking water. The reverse osmosis method of water purification produces water which contains virtually no contaminants. This method has more economical operation and maintenance than any other technology. The effectiveness of using reverse osmosis technology for the desalination of sea water is three times more effective in terms of energy consumption and the degree of purification than the other methods.

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