Chandra Shekhar Kumar - C++14 FAQs
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C++14 FAQs: summary, description and annotation
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Primary sources of this collection are:
- Advanced C++ FAQs: Volume 1 : Fundamentals
- Advanced C++ FAQs: Volume 2 : Generic Programming
- Advanced C++ FAQs: Volumes 1 & 2
This book is not an introduction to C++. It assumes that the reader is
aware of the basics of C++98 and C++03 and wants to expand her horizon
to latest and greatest in C++14(aka C++1y). The problems are marked on
a scale of one(*)(simplest) to five stars(*****)(hardest).
Forthcoming volumes will strengthen this particular approach spanning
various areas of C++.
- variable templates
- Constexpr static data members of class templates
- constexpr function templates
- static data member template
- specialization of variable template
- default argument and specialization of variable template
- lambda and variable template
- variable templates variables vary
- auto variable templates
- valid specialization but error ?
- variable templates and lambda revisited
- Incremental improvement to integral constant
- is same musings
- auto variable template and generic lambda
- constexpr member functions and implicit const
- constexpr vs static vs uninitialized
- constexpr vs member function revisited
- deprecated attribute
- Member initializers and aggregate class
- Data Member initializers
- time duration literals
- Compile Time binary Literal Operator
- Square Literal Operator
- Type Transformation Aliases
- unique ptr vs make unique as function argument
- make unique as perfect forwarding guy
- make unique and new
- make unique and default initialization with T[]
- Extend make unique : Support list initialization T[]
- Extend make unique : Value Initialize T[]
- Extend make unique : T[N]
- allocate unique
- Compile-time integer sequences
- Simplified Creation of std::integer sequence
- std::index sequence
- Custom Sequence : Addition
- Custom Sequence : Split
- Extract from tuple
- convert std::array to std::tuple
- Piecewise construction of std::pair
- Compile Time Integer Sequence Simplified
- sfinae and represent type of function
- metafunction : check presence of type member
- std::common type and sfinae
- Contextual Conversion
- Single quotation mark as digit separator
- Binary Literals
- auto return type in function declaration
- return type deduction for function
- return type deduction for lambdas
- decltype(auto)
- return type deduction for function templates
- explicit instantiation and auto
- return type deduction and virtual
- deduce return type
- generalized lambda capture
- generic lambda and product vector
- generic lambda
- generic lambda definition
- conversion function of generic lambda
- generic lambda quiz
- Preventing Name Hijacking
- Find First Null Pointer in a Container
- Generic Operator Functors
- Exchange Utility
- Addressing Tuple By Type
- Quoted manipulators
- Null Iterator
- std
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Chandra Shekhar Kumar: author's other books
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T E X is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society.
METAFONT is a trademark of Addison-Wesley.
The author has taken care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein.
For comments, suggestions and or feedback, send mail to :
chandrashekhar.kumar@gmail.com
Copyright 2015 Chandra Shekhar Kumar.
All rights reserved. This work is protected by copyright and permission must be obtained from the author prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise unless stated otherwise.
For permission, send mail to : chandrashekhar.kumar@gmail.com
- Advanced C++ FAQs: Volume 1 : Fundamentals
- Advanced C++ FAQs: Volume 2 : Generic Programming
- Advanced C++ FAQs: Volumes 1 & 2
This book is not an introduction to C++. It assumes that the reader is aware of the basics of C++98 and C++03 and wants to expand her horizon to latest and greatest in C++14(aka C++1y). The problems are marked on a scale of one(*)(simplest) to five stars(*****)(hardest).
Forthcoming volumes will strengthen this particular approach spanning various areas of C++.
For suggestions, feedback and comments, please contact :
chandrashekhar.kumar@gmail.com
Chandra Shekhar Kumar
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A variable template at class scope is a static data member template .
Consider a simple template meta function, which uses variable template feature to store the boolean value of result of comparing two types:
constexpr bool is_same = std :: is_same < T , U >:: value ;
bool t = is_same < int , int >; // true
bool f = is_same < int , float >; // false
The types of variable templates are not restricted to just built-in types; they can be user defined types.
{
template < typename T >
using pauli = hermitian_matrix < T , 2>;
template < typename T >
constexpr pauli < T > sigma1 = { { 0, }, { 1, } };
template < typename T >
constexpr pauli < T > sigma2 = { { 0, - i }, { i , } };
template < typename T >
constexpr pauli < T > sigma3 = { { 1, }, { - 1, } };
};
It makes definitions and uses of parameterized constants much simpler, leading to simplified and more uniform programming rules to teach and to remember like:
struct lexical_cast_fn
{
template < typename U >
T operator () ( U const & u ) const
{
// ...
}
};
template < typename T >
constexpr lexical_cast_fn < T > lexical_cast {};
int main ()
{
lexical_cast < int >( " " ) ;
}
struct integral_constant
{
static constexpr T value = v ;
typedef T value_type ;
....
};
template < typename T , T v >
constexpr T integral_constant < T , v >:: value ;
typedef integral_constant < bool , true > true_type ;
typedef integral_constant < bool , false > false_type ;
template < typename T , typename U >
struct is_same : false_type {};
template < typename T >
struct is_same < T , T > : true_type {};
The main problems with static data member are:
- they require duplicate declarations:
- once inside the class template,
- once outside the class template to provide the real definition in case the constants is odr(One Definition Rule) used.
- It creates confusion by the necessity of providing twice the same declaration, whereas ordinary constant declarations do not need duplicate declarations.
The standard class numeric_limits also suffers from the same problem as far as constexpr static data members are concerned.
A simple constexpr function template :
constexpr bool is_same ()
{
return std :: is_same < T , U >:: value ;
}
Constexpr functions templates do not have the duplicate declarations issue that static data members have.
However, they force us to chose in advance, at the definition site, how the constants are to be delivered: either by a const reference, or by plain non-reference type.
If delivered by const reference then the constants must be systematically be allocated in static storage.
If by non-reference type, then the constants need copying.
Copying isnt an issue for built-in types, but it is an issue for user-defined types with value semantics that arent just wrappers around tiny built-in types
Whereas ordinary const(expr) variables do not suffer from this problem. A simple definition is provided, and the decision of whether the constants actually needs to be layout out in storage only depends on the usage, not the definition.
Another examples are the static member functions of std::numeric_limits and functions like boost :: constants :: pi < T > () :
template < class Real >
Real area ( Real r )
{
using namespace boost :: math :: constants ;
return pi < Real >() * r * r ;
}
The function template versions of the constants are simple inline functions that return a constant of the correct precision for the type used. In addition, these functions are declared constexpr for those compilers that support this, allowing the result to be used in constant expressions provided the template argument is a literal type.
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