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Eric R. Johnston - Programming Quantum Computers: Essential Algorithms and Code Samples

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Eric R. Johnston Programming Quantum Computers: Essential Algorithms and Code Samples

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Quantum computers are poised to kick-start a new computing revolutionand you can join in right away. If youre in software engineering, computer graphics, data science, or just an intrigued computerphile, this book provides a hands-on programmers guide to understanding quantum computing. Rather than labor through math and theory, youll work directly with examples that demonstrate this technologys unique capabilities.Quantum computing specialists Eric Johnston, Nic Harrigan, and Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia show you how to build the skills, tools, and intuition required to write quantum programs at the center of applications. Youll understand what quantum computers can do and learn how to identify the types of problems they can solve.This book includes three multichapter sections: Programming for a QPU Explore core concepts for programming quantum processing units, including how to describe and manipulate qubits and how to perform quantum teleportation. QPU Primitives Learn algorithmic primitives and techniques, including amplitude amplification, the Quantum Fourier Transform, and phase estimation. QPU Applications Investigate how QPU primitives are used to build existing applications, including quantum search techniques and Shors factoring algorithm.

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Programming Quantum Computers

by Eric R. Johnston , Nic Harrigan , and Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia

Copyright 2019 Eric R. Johnston, Nic Harrigan, and Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by OReilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

OReilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .

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  • July 2019: First Edition
Revision History for the First Edition
  • 2019-07-03: First Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781492039686 for release details.

The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. Programming Quantum Computers, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.

The views expressed in this work are those of the authors, and do not represent the publishers views. While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-492-03968-6

[LSI]

Preface

Quantum computers are no longer theoretical devices.

The authors of this book believe that the best uses for a new technology are not necessarily discovered by its inventors, but by domain experts experimenting with it as a new tool for their work. With that in mind, this book is a hands-on programmers guide to using quantum computing technology. In the chapters ahead, youll become familiar with symbols and operations such as those in , and learn how to apply them to problems you care about.

Figure P-1 Quantum programs can look a bit like sheet music How This Book Is - photo 1
Figure P-1. Quantum programs can look a bit like sheet music
How This Book Is Structured

A tried-and-tested approach for getting hands-on with new programming paradigms is to learn a set of conceptual primitives. For example, anyone learning Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) programming should first focus on mastering the concept of parallelism, rather than on syntax or hardware specifics.

The heart of this book focuses on building an intuition for a set of quantum primitivesideas forming a toolbox of building blocks for problem-solving with a QPU. To prepare you for these primitives, we first introduce the basic concepts of qubits (the rules of the game, if you like). Then, after outlining a set of Quantum Processing Unit (QPU) primitives, we show how they can be used as building blocks within useful QPU applications.

Consequently, this book is divided into three parts. The reader is encouraged to become familiarwith Part I and gain some hands-on experience before proceeding to the more advanced parts:

: Programming a QPU

Here we introduce the core concepts required to program a QPU, such as qubits, essential instructions, utilizing superposition, and even quantum teleportation. Examples are provided, which can be easily run using simulators or a physical QPU.

: QPU Primitives

The second part of the book provides detail on some essentialalgorithms and techniques at a higher level. These include amplitude amplification, the QuantumFourier Transform, and phase estimation. These can be considered library functions that programmers call to build applications. Understanding how they work is essential to becoming a skilled QPU programmer. An active community of researchers is working on developing new QPU primitives, so expect this library to grow in the future.

: QPU Applications

The world of QPU applicationswhich combine the primitives from Part II to perform useful real-world tasksis evolving as rapidly as QPUs themselves. Here we introduce examples of existing applications.

By the end of the book we hope to provide the reader with an understanding of what quantum applications can do, what makes them powerful, and how to identify the kinds of problems that they can solve.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.

Constant width

Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords.

Constant width bold

Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values determined by context.

Tip

This element signifies a tip or suggestion.

Note

This element signifies a general note.

Warning

This element indicates a warning or caution.

Using Code Examples

Supplemental material (code examples, exercises, etc.) is available for download at https://oreilly-qc.github.io.

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless youre reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from OReilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your products documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: Programming Quantum Computers by Eric R. Johnston, Nic Harrigan, and Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia (OReilly). Copyright 2019 Eric R. Johnston, Nic Harrigan, and Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia, 978-1-492-03968-6.

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at .

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