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McKusick Marshall Kirk - Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System, The, 2/e

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McKusick Marshall Kirk Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System, The, 2/e

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The most complete, authoritative technical guide to the FreeBSD kernels internal structure has now been extensively updated to cover all major improvements between Versions 5 and 11. Approximately one-third of this editions content is completely new, and another one-third has been extensively rewritten. Three long-time FreeBSD project leaders begin with a concise overview of the FreeBSD kernels current design and implementation. Next, they cover the FreeBSD kernel from the system-call level down-from the interface to the kernel to the hardware. Explaining key design decisions, they detail the concepts, data structures, and algorithms used in implementing each significant system facility, including process management, security, virtual memory, the I/O system, filesystems, socket IPC, and networking. This Second Edition - Explains highly scalable and lightweight virtualization using FreeBSD jails, and virtual-machine acceleration with Xen and Virtio device paravirtualization - Describes new security features such as Capsicum sandboxing and GELI cryptographic disk protection - Fully covers NFSv4 and Open Solaris ZFS support - Introduces FreeBSDs enhanced volume management and new journaled soft updates - Explains DTraces fine-grained process debugging/profiling - Reflects major improvements to networking, wireless, and USB support Readers can use this guide as both a working reference and an in-depth study of a leading contemporary, portable, open source operating system. Technical and sales support professionals will discover both FreeBSDs capabilities and its limitations. Applications developers will learn how to effectively and efficiently interface with it; system administrators will learn how to maintain, tune, and configure it; and systems programmers will learn how to extend, enhance, and interface with it. Marshall Kirk McKusick writes, consults, and teaches classes on UNIX- and BSD-related subjects. While at the University of California, Berkeley, he implemented the 4.2BSD fast filesystem. He was research computer scientist at the Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG), overseeing development and release of 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD. He is a FreeBSD Foundation board member and a long-time FreeBSD committer. Twice president of the Usenix Association, he is also a member of ACM, IEEE, and AAAS. George V. Neville-Neil hacks, writes, teaches, and consults on security, networking, and operating systems. A FreeBSD Foundation board member, he served on the FreeBSD Core Team for four years. Since 2004, he has written the Kode Vicious column for Queue and Communications of the ACM. He is vice chair of ACMs Practitioner Board and a member of Usenix Association, ACM, IEEE, and AAAS. Robert N.M. Watson is a University Lecturer in systems, security, and architecture in the Security Research Group at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. He supervises advanced research in computer architecture, compilers, program analysis, operating systems, networking, and security. A FreeBSD Foundation board member, he served on the Core Team for ten years and has been a committer for fifteen years. He is a member of Usenix Association and ACM.

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The Design and Implementation of the
FreeBSD
Operating System

Second Edition

Marshall Kirk McKusick
George V. Neville-Neil
Robert N.M. Watson

Upper Saddle River NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco New York Toronto - photo 1

Upper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco
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UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open in the United States and other countries. FreeBSD and the FreeBSD logo used on the cover of this book are registered and unregistered trademarks of the FreeBSD Foundation and are used by Pearson Education with the permission of the FreeBSD Foundation. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.

The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

McKusick, Marshall Kirk.
The design and implementation of the FreeBSD operating system / Marshall
Kirk McKusick, George V. Neville-Neil, Robert N. M. Watson.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-96897-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-321-96897-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. FreeBSD. 2. Free computer software. 3. Operating systems (Computers)
I. Neville-Neil, George V. II. Watson, Robert N. M. III. Title.
QA76.774.F74M35 2014
005.432dc23 2014020072

Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290.

ISBN-13: 978-0-321-96897-5
ISBN-10: 0-321-96897-2
Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper at Courier in Westford, Massachusetts.
Second Printing, November 2014

Dedication

This book is dedicated to the BSD community.
Without the contributions of that communitys members,
there would be nothing about which to write.

Contents
Preface

This book follows the earlier authoritative and full-length descriptions of the design and implementation of the 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD versions of the UNIX system developed at the University of California at Berkeley. Since the final Berkeley release in 1994, several groups have continued development of BSD. This book details FreeBSD, the system with the largest set of developers and the most widely distributed releases. Although the FreeBSD distribution includes nearly 1000 utility programs in its base system and nearly 25,000 optional utilities in its ports collection, this book concentrates almost exclusively on the kernel.

UNIX-like Systems

UNIX-like systems include the traditional vendor systems such as Solaris and HP-UX; the Linux-based distributions such as Red Hat, Debian, Suse, and Slackware; and the BSD-based distributions such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Darwin. They run on computers ranging from smart phones to the largest supercomputers. They are the operating system of choice for most multiprocessor, graphics, and vector-processing systems, and are widely used for the original purpose of timesharing. The most common platform for providing network services (from FTP to WWW) on the Internet, they are collectively the most portable operating system ever developed. This portability is due partly to their implementation language, C [] (which is itself a widely ported language), and partly to the elegant design of the system.

Since its inception in 1969 [Distributions produced by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California at Berkeley. The Linux operating system, although developed independently of the other UNIX variants, implements the UNIX interface. Thus, applications developed to run on other UNIX-based platforms can be easily ported to run on Linux.

Berkeley Software Distributions

The distributions from Berkeley were the first UNIX-based systems to introduce many important features including the following:

Demand-paged virtual-memory support

Automatic configuration of the hardware and I/O system

A fast and recoverable filesystem

The socket-based interprocess-communication (IPC) primitives

The reference implementation of TCP/IP

The Berkeley releases found their way into the UNIX systems of many vendors and were used internally by the development groups of many other vendors. The implementation of the TCP/IP networking protocol suite in 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD, and the availability of those systems, played a key role in making the TCP/IP networking protocol suite a world standard. Even the non-UNIX vendors such as Microsoft have adopted the Berkeley socket design in their Winsock IPC interface.

The BSD releases have also been a strong influence on the POSIX (IEEE Std 1003.1) operating-system interface standard, and on related standards. Several featuressuch as reliable signals, job control, multiple access groups per process, and the routines for directory operationshave been adapted from BSD for POSIX.

Early BSD releases contained licensed UNIX code, thus requiring recipients to have an AT&T source license to be able to obtain and use BSD. In 1988, Berkeley separated its distribution into AT&T-licensed and freely redistributable code. The freely redistributable code was licensed separately and could be obtained, used, and redistributed by anyone. The final freely redistributable 4.4BSD-Lite2 release from Berkeley in 1994 contained nearly the entire kernel and all the important libraries and utilities.

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