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Alice Zhao - SQL Pocket Guide, 4th Edition

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Alice Zhao SQL Pocket Guide, 4th Edition
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SQL Pocket Guide by Alice Zhao Copyright 2021 OReilly Media All rights - photo 1
SQL Pocket Guide

by Alice Zhao

Copyright 2021 OReilly Media. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by OReilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

OReilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles ( http://oreilly.com ). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com .

  • Editors: Amelia Blevins and Andy Kwan
  • Production Editor: FILL IN PRODUCTION EDITOR
  • Copyeditor: FILL IN COPYEDITOR
  • Proofreader: FILL IN PROOFREADER
  • Indexer: FILL IN INDEXER
  • Interior Designer: David Futato
  • Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
  • Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
  • December 2021: Fourth Edition
Revision History for the Fourth Edition
  • 2020-11-10: First Early Release
  • 2021-01-26: Second Early Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781492090403 for release details.

The OReilly logo is a registered trademark of OReilly Media, Inc. SQL Pocket Guide, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of OReilly Media, Inc.

The views expressed in this work are those of the author(s), and do not represent the publishers views. While the publisher and the author(s) have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author(s) disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-492-09040-3

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Preface
Why SQL?

Since the last edition of the SQL Pocket Guide was published, a lot has changed in the data world. The amount of data generated and collected has exploded, and a number of tools and jobs have been created to handle the influx of data. Through all of the changes, SQL has remained an integral part of the data landscape.

Over the past 15 years, I have worked as an engineer, consultant, analyst and data scientist, and I have used SQL in every one of my roles. Even if my main responsibilities were focused on another tool or skill, I had to know in SQL in order to access data at a company.

If there was a programming language award for best supporting actor, SQL would take home the prize.

As new technologies emerge, SQL is still top of mind when it comes to working with data. Cloud-based storage solutions like Amazon Redshift and Google BigQuery require users to write SQL queries to pull data. Distributed data processing frameworks like Hadoop and Spark have sidekicks Hive and Spark SQL, respectively, which provide SQL-like interfaces for users to analyze data.

SQL has been around for almost five decades, and it is not going away anytime soon. It is one of the oldest programming languages still being used widely today and Im excited to share the latest and greatest with you in this book.

Goals of This Book

There are many existing SQL books out there ranging from ones that teach beginners how to code in SQL to detailed technical specifications for database administrators. This book is not intended to cover all SQL concepts in depth, but rather to be a simple reference for when:

  • Youve forgotten some SQL syntax and need to look it up quickly

  • Youve come across a slightly different set of database tools at a new job and need to look up the nuanced differences

  • Youve been focusing on another coding language for a while and need a quick refresher on how SQL works again

If SQL plays a large supporting role in your job, then this is the perfect pocket guide for you.

Updates to the Fourth Edition

The third edition of the SQL Pocket Guide by Jonathan Gennick was published in 2010, and it was well-received by readers. Ive made the following updates to the fourth edition.

  • The syntax has been updated for MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle. IBMs DB2 has been removed due to its decrease in popularity and SQLite has been added due to its increase in popularity.

  • The third edition of the book was organized alphabetically. I rearranged the sections in the fourth edition so that similar concepts are grouped together. There is still an index at the end of the book that lists concepts alphabetically.

  • Due to the number of data analysts and data scientists who are now using SQL in their jobs, I added sections on how to use SQL with Python and R (popular open source programming languages), as well as an SQL crash course for those who need a quick refresher.

Frequently Asked (SQL) Questions

The last section of the book is called How Do I ? and it includes frequently asked questions by SQL newbies or those who havent used SQL in a while.

My recommendation would be to start there if dont remember the exact keyword or concept that youre looking for. Example questions include:

  • How do I check if there are duplicate values in a table?

  • How do I select the top n rows of each group in a group by?

  • How do I turn rows of data into columns of data?

Chapter 1. SQL Crash Course
What is a Database?

Lets start with the basics. A database is a place to store data in an organized way. There are many ways to organize data, and as a result, there are many databases to choose from. The two categories that databases fall into are SQL and NoSQL.

SQL

SQL is short for Structured Query Language. Imagine you have an app that remembers all of your friends birthdays. SQL is the most popular language you would use to talk to the app.

English: Hey app. When is my husbands birthday?

SQL:SELECT * FROM birthdays WHERE person = 'husband';

SQL databases are often called relational databases because they are made up of relations, which are more commonly referred to as tables. Many tables connected to each other make up a database. Figure 1-1 shows a picture of a relation in an SQL database.

Figure 1-1 A relation also known as a table in an SQL database The main - photo 2
Figure 1-1. A relation (also known as a table) in an SQL database

The main thing to note about SQL databases is that they require predefined schemas. You can think of a schema as the way that data in a database is organized or structured. Lets say youd like to create a table. Before loading any data into the table, the structure of the table must first be decided on, including things like what columns are in the table, whether those columns hold integer or decimal values, etc.

There comes a time though, when data cannot be organized in such a structured way. Your data may have varying fields or need to be spread across multiple machines. Thats where NoSQL comes in.

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