Tam Sel - Rust and Python Coding Basics: For Absolute Beginners

o Rust is a system programming language created by "Graydon Hoare," a Mozilla employee, in 2006. This language, he said, is "safe, concurrent, and practical," and it supports the functional and imperative paradigms.

o Rust's syntax is comparable to that of the C++ programming language.

o Rust is free and open source software, which means that anybody can use it for free, and the source code is openly released so that others can enhance the product's design.

o In the stack overflow developer survey in 2016, 2017, and 2018, Rust was named one of the "most appreciated programming languages."

o There is no calloc or malloc-style memory management. Rust is in charge of memory management internally.

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• Team of developers: For the "team of developers," Rust shows to be really handy. Low-level programming code has defects that must be thoroughly tested by testers. In the case of Rust, however, the compiler refuses to compile the code if it includes flaws. By working in parallel with the compiler, the developer may concentrate on the logic of the programme rather than on the bugs.
• Students: o Many people can learn how to construct an operating system using Rust. The Rust team is attempting to make system principles more approachable to non-programmers, particularly those who are new to the field.
• Companies: Rust is used by both large and small businesses to complete diverse jobs. Command-line tools, web services, DevOps tooling, embedded devices, audio and video analysis and transcoding, cryptocurrency, bioinformatics, search engines, Internet of Things applications, machine learning, and even large portions of the Firefox web browser are among these activities.
• Open source developers: Rust is an open source language, which means that the source code is freely available. As a result, they can use the source code to improve Rust's design.

Rust is a programming language for systems. Rust has the following characteristics:

1. Zero cost abstraction
2. Error messages
3. Move semantics
4. Threads without data races
5. Pattern matching
6. Guaranteed memory safety
7. Efficient C bindings
8. Safe memory space allocation
9. Minimal time

We can add abstractions to Rust programming without compromising its runtime performance. It increases the clarity and quality of the code without sacrificing runtime efficiency.

When compared to GCC, the error messages in C++ programming are vastly improved. In terms of clarity, Rust takes it a step farther. In our programme, error messages are presented with (formatting, colours) and also propose misspellings.

Rust has a Type inference feature, which means it automatically detects the type of an expression.

When a source object is a temporary object, Rust provides this functionality that allows a copy action to be replaced by a move operation.

A data race occurs when two or more threads access the same memory address at the same time. Because of the ownership mechanism in Rust, threads can run without data races. Only the owners of separate objects are sent to various threads via the ownership mechanism, and two threads can never own the same variable with write access.

The pattern matching feature is available in Rust. Pattern matching in Rust uses patterns in conjunction with the'match' expressions to provide the programmer additional control over the control flow of the programme. The following are some pattern combinations:

• Literals
• Arrays, enums, structs, or tuples
• Variables
• Wildcards
• Placeholders

Rust used the concept of ownership to ensure memory safety. Ownership is a compromise between C's memory control and Java's garbage collection. Variables own memory space in Rust applications, which is temporarily borrowed by other variables. This allows Rust to offer memory safety without relying on the garbage collector at compile time.

The feature of 'Efficient C bindings' in Rust means that the Rust language can communicate with the C language in the same way that it communicates with itself. Rust provides a 'foreign function interface' for interacting with C APIs while also leveraging its ownership structure to ensure memory safety.

Memory management in Rust is manual, which means that the programmer has explicit control over where and when memory is allocated and released. In C, we use the malloc function to allocate memory and subsequently initialise it, while Rust refuses to do both with a single " operator. The smart pointer to int is returned by this operator. A smart pointer is a type of value that determines when an item is released. Smart pointers are "smart" because they can not only track the location of an object but also clean it up.