Andrew Ford - Apache 2 Pocket Reference: For Apache Programmers & Administrators
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Apache 2 Pocket Reference: For Apache Programmers & Administrators: summary, description and annotation
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Even if you know the Apache web server inside and out, you still need an occasional on-the-job reminder -- especially if youre moving to the newer Apache 2.x. Apache 2 Pocket Reference gives you exactly what you need to get the job done without forcing you to plow through a cumbersome, doorstop-sized reference.
This Book provides essential information to help you configure and maintain the server quickly, with brief explanations that get directly to the point. It covers Apache 2.x, giving web masters, web administrators, and programmers a quick and easy reference solution.
This pocket reference includes:
- Summaries of command-line options, configuration directives, and modules
- Key information about Apache support utilities
- What you need to know about URL rewriting, filters, caching, proxying and security
Whether you manage huge e-commerce operations, corporate intranets, or small personal websites, Apache 2 Pocket Reference is ideal for savvy administrators who no longer need detailed tutorials and just want a convenient, on-the-job reference.
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Apache is a powerful web server designed with a modular architecture to be both efficient and portable. It is extremely flexible, offering the ability for a single server to support multiple websites as virtual hosts and to act as a web proxy. Apache includes standard modules for caching, to support SSL/TLS connections, various authentication and authorization mechanisms, and a filtering system. There are many addon modules that extend Apaches functionality providing features, such as templating engines, embedded interpreters for many scripting languages, and HTTP interfaces to systems such as the Subversion version control system.
This pocket reference summarizes Apaches command-line options and the configuration directives for the modules in the standard distribution. It covers Apache version 2.2.9, but most information is applicable to any version of Apache 2. For comprehensive information, the scale of which is beyond the scope of a small guide such as this, the Apache documentation website (http://httpd.apache.org/docs/) should be your next point of referral.
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I would like to thank all my reviewers, especially Chris Pepper and my wife, Catherine Mason, who both did sterling work; my colleagues at MessageLabs for their support; the staff at OReillyin particular my editor, Simon St.Laurent, and Abby Fox, who turned my ideas about how the book should be typeset into reality; and finally all of the Apache developers, the Apache HTTPD project, and the countless individuals who have contributed to make Apache what it is and keep on improving it.
This chapter gives an overview of the architecture of Apache, how to obtain the software, starting and stopping the server, and the basics of configuration files.
Apache is normally run as a system daemon or service, with a parent process or thread supervising a number of child processes or threads that perform the request processing. Apart from certain core features, most functionality is implemented by modules, which may be either statically linked into the server or dynamically loaded on startup.
Operating systems vary in how they implement features such as networking and multiprocessing. Apache version 2.0 introduced MultiProcessing Modules (MPMs) to provide networking and scheduling models tailored to particular operating systems and usage patterns, as listed in . MPMs use the native features of the operating system and provide scheduling using processes, threads, or a mix of the two. Apache uses only a single MPM at any time, and it must be statically compiled into the server.
Module | Description |
beos | Mutithreaded MPM for the BeOS operating system |
event | Experimental variant of the worker MPM |
mpm_netware | Threaded MPM for Novell Netware |
mpm_winnt | Twin process, multithreaded MPM for Windows |
mpmt_os2 | Hybrid multiprocess, multithreaded MPM for O/S2 |
prefork | Traditional nonthreaded, preforking MPM |
worker | Hybrid multiprocess, multithreaded MPM |
The MPMs, other modules, and the core web server build upon the Apache Portable Runtime (APR), which provides a consistent, platform-independent interface to the underlying operating system. APR includes APIs to access SQL databases and LDAP servers; these are used in two framework modules, mod_dbd and mod_ldap , which provide common facilities that other modules may use.
On startup, Apache goes through an initialization stage before entering its operational state. During the initialization stage, Apache reads and verifies its configuration files, opens network connections and log files, acquires system resources, and creates the pool of child processes or threads that will handle requests. Apache is normally started with root privileges but relinquishes those privileges before it enters the operational state.
Once Apache has entered its operational state, the child processes or threads handle incoming requests. Requests are processed in a number of phases, and each phase provides a number of hooks for modules to participate in the processing. For each hook, Apache calls registered functions in turn until they have all been called or until one of them indicates either that processing for that hook is complete or that an error has occurred.
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