Paul Raines - Tcl/Tk in A Nutshell
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Tcl/Tk in A Nutshell: summary, description and annotation
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The Tcl language and Tk graphical toolkit are simple and powerful building blocks for custom applications. The Tcl/Tk combination is increasingly popular because it lets you produce sophisticated graphical interfaces with a few easy commands, develop and change scripts quickly, and conveniently tie together existing utilities or programming libraries.
One of the attractive features of Tcl/Tk is the wide variety of commands, many offering a wealth of options. Most of the things youd like to do have been anticipated by the languages creator, John Ousterhout, or one of the developers of Tcl/Tks many powerful extensions. Thus, youll find that a command or option probably exists to provide just what you need.
And thats why its valuable to have a quick reference that briefly describes every command and option in the core Tcl/Tk distribution as well as the most popular extensions. Keep this book on your desk as you write scripts, and youll be able to find almost instantly the particular option you need.
Most chapters consist of alphabetical listings. Since Tk and mega-widget packages break down commands by widget, the chapters on these topics are organized by widget along with a section of core commands where appropriate. Contents include:
- Core Tcl and Tk commands and Tk widgets
- C interface (prototypes)
- Expect
- [incr Tcl] and [incr Tk]
- Tix
- TclX
- BLT
- Oratcl, SybTcl, and Tclodbc
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This book is about Tcl, the scripting language developed by John Ousterhout. Tcl stands for tool command language and was originally designed as a simple scripting language interpreter that could be embedded inside applications written in the C language. With the addition of the Tk graphical toolkit and a host of other language extensions supporting such features as graphics, relational databases, and object-oriented programming, Tcl has become a popular programming language for developing applications in its own right. The freely available Tcl language interpreter runs on many computer platforms, including most Unix-compatible systems, Microsoft Windows, and Apple Macintosh.
Tcl/Tk in a Nutshell is a quick reference for the basic commands of Tcl, Tk, and several other popular Tcl language extensions. As with other books in O'Reilly's "In a Nutshell" series, this book is geared toward users who know what they want to do but just can't remember the right command or option. For subtle details, you will sometimes want to consult the official Tcl reference documentation, but for most tasks you should find the answer you need in this volume. We hope that this guide will become an invaluable desktop reference for the Tcl user.
This desktop quick reference uses the following typographic conventions:
Used for commands, methods, functions, programs, and options. All terms shown in italic are typed literally. Italic is also used for filenames and URLs, and to highlight terms under discussion.
Constant widthUsed for code in program listings and for data structures and values to be entered exactly as shown. Also used for special variables, global variables, options showing resource and class names, and subwidget names.
Constant width italicUsed to show arguments, options, and variables that should be replaced with user-supplied values.
[ ]Surround optional elements in a description of syntax. Note that square braces are also a commonly used Tcl language construct and appear in some Tcl program examples, in which case they are part of the Tcl code.
|Used in syntax descriptions to separate items for which only one alternative may be chosen at a time.
...Indicates that the preceding item may be repeated as many times as desired.
The owl symbol is used to designate a note.
The turkey symbol is used to designate a warning.
We have tested and verified all of the information in this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that features have changed (or even that we have made mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find, as well as your suggestions for future editions, by writing to us at the following address:
| O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. |
| 101 Morris Street |
| Sebastopol, CA 95472 |
| 1-800-998-9938 (in the U.S. or Canada) |
| 1-707-829-0515 (international/local) |
| 1-707-829-0104 (FAX) |
You can also send us messages electronically. To be put on a mailing list or request a catalog, send email to:
To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send email to:
When Jeff Tranter first started with Tcl sometime around 1992, he felt the need for a simple language quick-reference card to help jog his memory when programming. He created a simple one-page cheat sheet that listed all of the Tcl language commands. In the spirit of freely sharing with other users, he uploaded his quick reference to one of the Tcl archive sites.
Some time later, Paul Raines created a nice quick reference for the commands provided by the Tk toolkit. Again, initially this was one double-sized page in length.
Inspired by the excellent Perl 5 Pocket Reference by Johan Vromans (published by O'Reilly & Associates), Paul combined the Tcl and Tk references into a small booklet of about 40 half-size pages, and made it freely available on the Internet. The current version is now over 80 pages in length and can also be purchased from O'Reilly as the Tcl/Tk Pocket Reference .
After finishing O'Reilly's first book on Tcl/Tk, Tcl/Tk Tools (by Mark Harrison et al.), O'Reilly editor Andy Oram thought about doing a Tcl reference book. So he approached us about expanding our work into a full-blown reference on Tcl, Tk, and all of the popular language extensions. Thus, the one-page Tcl cheat sheet that Jeff created for his own use has now grown into a 450-page book. We hope that you are happy with the result and find it a useful reference.
A motivational speaker once said that the formula for a successful manager was to give your people the tools they need to do the job and stay out of their way. Our editor, Andy Oram, did a great job of keeping us on track but generally staying out of our way. As the first Nutshell book to use SGML text-processing tools developed in-house, Tcl/Tk in a Nutshell had some teething pains but we were able to get the job done with help from the O'Reilly tools group.
Special thanks go to the reviewers of the first draft of this book: Allan Brighton, De Clarke, Robert Gray, Cameron Laird, Don Libes, Michael McLennan, Wayne Miller, Tom Poindexter, and Mark Roseman. Their many useful comments helped make this a better book.
One of the reviewers, Tom Poindexter, went beyond the call of duty. He suggested that we add a chapter on Tcl programming hints, and even volunteered to write it for us.
Paul would like to thank his wife, Deborah, for her understanding and patience when he disappeared into "computerland."
Jeff would like to thank his familyVeronica, Jennifer, and Jasonfor bearing with him while he wrote yet another book, taking more than his share of time on the computer.
This chapter presents a brief history of and an introduction to the Tcl language and describes how this book is organized.
In the early 1980s John Ousterhout, then at the University of California at Berkeley, was working with a group that developed hardware design tools. They found that they kept inventing a new scripting language with each new tool they developed. It was always added as an afterthought and poorly implemented. John decided to create a general-purpose scripting language that could be reused when developing new tools. He called the language Tcl, for tool command language, made it freely available for download, and presented it at the Winter 1990 USENIX conference. It soon became popular, with an estimated 50 Tcl applications written or in development one year later.
One of the attendees at Ousterhout's presentation, Don Libes, saw the applicability of Tcl to a problem he was working on. Within a few weeks he developed the first version of Expect, which became the first killer application for Tcl, driving many people to install Tcl who might have otherwise ignored it.
Ousterhout's philosophy is to embed a scripting language inside applications. Combining the advantages of a compiled language like C (portability, speed, access to operating system functions) with those of a scripting language (ease of learning, runtime evaluation, no compilation) gives an overall reduction in development time and opportunities for creating small, reliable, and reusable software components. An application with an embedded Tcl interpreter can be extended and customized by the end user in countless ways.
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