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Elvis C. Foster - Database Systems: A Pragmatic Approach

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Elvis C. Foster Database Systems: A Pragmatic Approach

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Database Systems: A Pragmatic Approach is a classroom textbook for use by students who are learning about relational databases, and the professors who teach them. It discusses the database as an essential component of a software system, as well as a valuable, mission critical corporate resource. The book is based on lecture notes that have been tested and proven over several years, with outstanding results. It also exemplifies mastery of the technique of combining and balancing theory with practice, to give students their best chance at success. Upholding his aim for brevity, comprehensive coverage, and relevance, author Elvis C. Fosters practical and methodical discussion style gets straight to the salient issues, and avoids unnecessary fluff as well as an overkill of theoretical calculations.

The book discusses concepts, principles, design, implementation, and management issues of databases. Each chapter is organized systematically into brief, reader-friendly sections, with itemization of the important points to be remembered. It adopts a methodical and pragmatic approach to solving database systems problems. Diagrams and illustrations also sum up the salient points to enhance learning. Additionally, the book includes a number of Fosters original methodologies that add clarity and creativity to the database modeling and design experience while making a novel contribution to the discipline. Everything combines to make Database Systems: A Pragmatic Approach an excellent textbook for students, and an excellent resource on theory for the practitioner.

What youll learn
  • Learn the relational model and the advantages it brings to software systems
  • Design database schemas with integrity rules that ensure correctness of corporate data
  • Query data using SQL in order to generate reports, charts, graphs, and other business results
  • Learn what it means to be a database administrator, and why the profession is highly paid
  • Become familiar with the common database brands, their similarities and distinctives
  • Explore special topics such as tree-based data, hashing for fast access, distributed and object databases, and more
Who this book is for

Database Systems: A Pragmatic Approach is aimed at students who are studying database technology, who aspire to a career as a database administrator or designer. The book is particularly useful for professors teaching such students, and who are in need of an affordable textbook. Practicing database administrators and developers wanting to strengthen their theoretical grounding in their discipline may also find the book useful.

Table of Contents

Part I: Preliminary Topics

1. Introduction to Database Systems

2. The Database System Environment

Part II: The Relational Database Model

3. The Relational Model

4. Integrity Rules and Normalization

5. Database Modeling and Design

6. Database User Interface Design

7. Relational Algebra

8. Relational Calculus

9. Relational System a Closer Look

Part III: Structured Query Language

10. Overview of SQL

11. SQL Definition Statements

12. SQL Data Manipulation Statements

13. Logical Views and Security

14. The System Catalog

15. Some Limitations of SQL

Part IV: Some Commonly Used DBMS Suites

16. Overview of Oracle

17. Overview of DB2

18. Overview of Microsoft SQL Server

19. Overview of Gupta Team Developer and MySQL

20. Overview of Borland Delphi

Part V: Advanced Topics

21. Database Administration

22. Distributed Database Systems

23. Object Databases

24. Data Warehousing and Information Extraction

25. Web-Accessible Databases

Part VI: Final Preparations

26. Sample Exercises and Examination Questions

Part VII: Appendices

A. Review of Trees

B. Review of Hashing

C. Review of Information Gathering Techniques

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Part A
Preliminary Topics
Understanding the Outsourced IT Service Provider Industry
This preliminary division of the course is designed to cover some fundamentals. The objectives are
  • to define and provide a rationale for database systems;
  • to identify the many objectives, advantages, and desirable features of a database system;
  • to discuss the salient features of a database system environment.
The division consists of two chapters:
  • Chapter 1 Introduction to Database Systems
  • Chapter 2 The Database System Environment
Elvis C. Foster 2014
Elvis C. Foster and Shripad V. Godbole Database Systems 10.1007/978-1-4842-0877-9_1
1. Introduction to Database Systems
Elvis C. Foster 1 and Shripad V. Godbole 1
(1)
Shrewsbury, USA
Welcome and congratulations on your entry to this course in database systems. The fact that you are in this course means that you have covered several fundamental topics in programming, data structures, user interface, and software engineering. Now you want to learn about databases their significance, the underlying theoretical principles that govern them, how they are constructed, and their management. You are at the right place. This chapter addresses the first issue: the significance of database systems. Topics covered include the following:
  • Definition and Rationale
  • Objectives of a Database System
  • Advantages of a Database System
  • Approaches to Database Design
  • Desirable Features of a Database System
  • Database Development Life Cycle
  • Summary and Concluding Remarks
1.1 Definitions and Rationale
A database system (DBS) is a computerized record keeping system with the overall purpose of maintaining information and making it available whenever required. The database typically stores related data in a computer system.
A database management system (DBMS) is a set of programs that allow for the management of a database. Starting in and extending to subsequent chapters, we will cover several of the critical functions of a DBMS. Some of the more obvious ones are the following:
  • Data definition (relation, dependencies, integrity constraints, views, etc.)
  • Data manipulation (adding, updating, deleting, retrieving, reorganizing, and aggregating data)
  • Data security and integrity checks
  • Programming language support
Components of a DBS include:
  • Hardware and operating system
  • DBMS
  • Database
  • Related software systems and/or applications
  • End users
End users communicate with the software systems/applications, which in turn, communicate (through the programming interface) with the DBMS. The DBMS communicates with the operating system (which in turn communicates with the hardware) to store data in and/or extract data from the database. Figure illustrates.
Figure 1-1 Simplified Representation of a DBS Databases are essential to - photo 1
Figure 1-1.
Simplified Representation of a DBS
Databases are essential to software engineering; many software systems have underlying databases that are constantly accessed, though in a manner that is transparent to the end user. Figure provides some examples. Companies that compete in the marketplace need databases to store and manage their mission critical and other essential data.
In this course you will learn how to design, implement and manage databases. In so doing, you will be exposed to various database technologies and methodologies that are common in the software engineering industry.
Figure 1-2 Illustrations of the Importance of Database 12 Objectives of - photo 2
Figure 1-2.
Illustrations of the Importance of Database
1.2 Objectives of a Database System
There are several primary and secondary objectives of a database system that should concern the computer science (CS) professional. Whether you are planning to design, construct, develop and implement a DBS, or you are simply shopping around for a DBMS, these objectives help you to develop an early appreciation for the field; they should also provide useful insight into where the course is heading. As you will soon see, these objectives are lofty, and it is by no means easy to achieve them all.
The primary objectives of a database system include the following:
  • Security and protection prevention of unauthorized users; protection from inter-process interference
  • Reliability assurance of stable, predictable performance
  • Facilitation of multiple users
  • Flexibility the ability to obtain data and effect action via various methods
  • Ease of data access and data change
  • Accuracy and consistency
  • Clarity standardization of data to avoid ambiguity
  • Ability to service unanticipated requests
  • Protection of intellectual Investment
  • Minimization of data proliferation new application needs may be met with existing data rather than creating new files and programs
  • Availability data is available to users whenever it is required
Among the significant secondary objectives of a database system are the following:
  • Physical data independence storage hardware and storage techniques are insulated from application programs
  • Logical data independence data items can be added or subtracted or the overall logical structure modified without existing programs being affected
  • Control of redundancy
  • Integrity controls range checks and other controls must prevent invalid data from entering the system
  • Clear data definition a data dictionary is usually kept
  • Suitably friendly user interface
  • Tunability easy reorganizing the database to improve performance without changing the application programs
  • Automatic reorganization of migration to improve performance
Clarification on Data Independence
Data independence is an important concept that needs further clarification: Data independence is the immunity of application programs to changes in structure and access strategy of data. It is necessary for the following reasons:
  • Different applications and users will need to have different logical views (interpretation) of data.
  • The tuning of the system should not affect the application programs.
Physical data independence implies that the user's view is independent of physical file organization, machine or storage medium. Logical data independence implies that each user (or application program) can have his/her (its) own logical view and does not need a global view of the database.
1.3 Advantages of a Database System
A database system brings a number of advantages to its end users as well as the company that owns it. Some of the advantages are mentioned below:
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