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Alan A. A. Donovan - The Go Programming Language

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Alan A. A. Donovan The Go Programming Language

The Go Programming Language: summary, description and annotation

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The Go Programming Language is the authoritative resource for any programmer who wants to learn Go. It shows how to write clear and idiomatic Go to solve real-world problems. The book does not assume prior knowledge of Go nor experience with any specific language, so youll find it accessible whether youre most comfortable with JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Java, or C++.- The first chapter is a tutorial on the basic concepts of Go, introduced through programs for file I/O and text processing, simple graphics, and web clients and servers.- Early chapters cover the structural elements of Go programs: syntax, control flow, data types, and the organization of a program into packages, files, and functions. The examples illustrate many packages from the standard library and show how to create new ones of your own. Later chapters explain the package mechanism in more detail, and how to build, test, and maintain projects using the go tool.- The chapters on methods and interfaces introduce Gos unconventional approach to object-oriented programming, in which methods can be declared on any type and interfaces are implicitly satisfied. They explain the key principles of encapsulation, composition, and substitutability using realistic examples.- Two chapters on concurrency present in-depth approaches to this increasingly important topic. The first, which covers the basic mechanisms of goroutines and channels, illustrates the style known as communicating sequential processes for which Go is renowned. The second covers more traditional aspects of concurrency with shared variables. These chapters provide a solid foundation for programmers encountering concurrency for the first time.- The final two chapters explore lower-level features of Go. One covers the art of metaprogramming using reflection. The other shows how to use the unsafe package to step outside the type system for special situations, and how to use the cgo tool to create Go bindings for C libraries.The book features hundreds of interesting and practical examples of well-written Go code that cover the whole language, its most important packages, and a wide range of applications. Each chapter has exercises to test your understanding and explore extensions and alternatives. Source code is freely available for download from http://gopl.io/ and may be conveniently fetched, built, and installed using the go get command.

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The Go Programming Language

Alan A. A. Donovan
Google Inc.
Brian W. Kernighan
Princeton University

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Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.

The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein.

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950709

Copyright 2016 Alan A. A. Donovan & Brian W. Kernighan

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 200 Old Tappan Road, Old Tappan, New Jersey 07675, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290.

Front cover: Millau Viaduct, Tarn valley, southern France. A paragon of simplicity in modern engineering design, the viaduct replaced a convoluted path from capital to coast with a direct route over the clouds. Jean-Pierre Lescourret/Corbis.

Back cover: the original Go gopher. 2009 Rene French. Used under Creative Commons Attributions 3.0 license.

Typeset by the authors in Minion Pro, Lato, and Consolas, using Go, groff, ghostscript, and a host of other open-source Unix tools. Figures were created in Google Drawings.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-419044-0

ISBN-10: 0-13-419044-0

Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Second printing, December 2015

For Leila and Meg

Contents
Preface
Go is an open source programming language that makes iteasy to build simple, reliable, and efficient software.(From the Go web site at golang.org)

Go was conceived in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, andKen Thompson, all at Google, and was announced in November 2009. Thegoals of the language and itsaccompanying tools were to be expressive, efficient in bothcompilation and execution, and effective in writing reliable androbust programs.

Go bears a surface similarity to C and, like C, is a toolfor professional programmers, achieving maximum effect withminimum means. But it is much more than an updated version of C. Itborrows and adapts good ideas from many other languages, while avoidingfeatures that have led to complexity and unreliable code. Itsfacilities for concurrency are new and efficient, and itsapproach to data abstraction and object-oriented programming isunusually flexible.It has automatic memory management or garbage collection.

Go is especially well suited for building infrastructure likenetworked servers, and tools and systems for programmers, but it istruly a general-purpose language and finds use in domains asdiverse as graphics, mobile applications, and machine learning.It has become popular as a replacement for untyped scripting languagesbecause it balances expressiveness with safety: Go programs typicallyrun faster than programs written in dynamic languages and suffer farfewer crashes due to unexpected type errors.

Go is an open-source project, so source code for its compiler,libraries, and tools is freely available toanyone. Contributions to the project come froman active worldwide community.Go runs on Unix-like systemsLinux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD,Mac OS Xand on Plan 9 and Microsoft Windows.Programs written in one of these environmentsgenerally work without modification on the others.

This book is meant to help you start using Go effectively right awayand to use it well, taking full advantage of Goslanguage features and standard libraries to write clear, idiomatic, andefficient programs.

The Origins of Go

Like biologicalspecies, successful languages beget offspring that incorporate theadvantages of their ancestors; interbreeding sometimes leads tosurprising strengths; and, very occasionally, a radical new featurearises without precedent.We can learn a lot about why a language is the way it is and whatenvironment it has been adapted for by looking at these influences.

The figure below shows the most important influences ofearlier programming languages on the design of Go.

Go is sometimes described as a C-like language or as C for the 21stcentury - photo 2

Go is sometimes described as a C-like language, or as C for the 21stcentury. From C, Go inherited its expression syntax, control-flowstatements, basic data types, call-by-value parameter passing,pointers, and above all, Cs emphasis on programs that compileto efficient machine code and cooperate naturally with theabstractions of current operating systems.

But there are other ancestors in Gos family tree. One major stream ofinfluence comes from languages by Niklaus Wirth, beginning with Pascal.Modula-2 inspired the package concept.Oberon eliminated the distinction between module interface files andmodule implementation files.Oberon-2 influenced the syntax for packages, imports, and declarations,and Object Oberon provided the syntax for method declarations.

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